dp/dx < 0
dU/dx > 0
dp/dx = 0
dU/dx = 0
dp/dx > 0
dU/dx < 0
As if all shapes of
curves were
pushed upward
dp/dx > 0
dU/dx < 0
positive and
negative relative
to Pinfinity (see next
slide)
Laminar BL and
Laminar BL and
slight separation
no separation
Laminar BL and
large separation
turbulent BL
and reduced
separation area
0: subscript for
terminal velocity
.
= drag force/(cross-sectional area) at
terminal velocity (using subscript 0)
Applicable for
terminal velocity
condition
=2/3 Ga
CD'0.Re'02 = 2/3 Ga
Derived from
Newtons law
To be
used
Example 3.1
What is the terminal velocity of a spherical
steel particle, 0.40 mm in diameter, settling in
an oil of density 820 kg/m3 and viscosity 10 mN
s/m2? The density of steel is 7870 kg/m 3.
Solution
For a sphere:
g replaced by r2
drag force
bouyancy force
2 B.Cs. (r and
dr/dt at t=0, r=r1)
for 2 eqs to get
2 constants B1
and B2
3.114
analogous to the
particle motion in
gravitational field