Kota sebagai

Lingkungan Binaan
KULIAH 2 - ARSITEKTUR KOTA [TAR-343]
KELAS A - Ir.Karyadi Kusliansjah,MT.
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ARSITEKTUR
KOTA
KOTA SEBAGAI
(OBYEK & KONTEKS)
ARSITEKTUR
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K O T A ?

Geografi-demografi: konsentrasi penduduk pada suatu wilayah

Ekonomi: pusat pertemuan lalulintas ekonomi, perdagangan dan industri
Sosiologi-antropologi: hubungan antar manusia, tidak homogen
Pemerintahan: status administratif, kotapraja
Musyawarah BKS-AKSI, Bukittinggi 1969: Kota adalah kelompok orang-

orang dalam jumlah tertentu, hidup dan bertempat tinggal bersama dalam
satu wilayah geografis tertentu, berpola hubungan rasional, ekonomis dan
individualistis
Urbanism: a concentration of large numbers of people, craft specialization,
a redistributive economic mode, monumental public architecture,
developed social stratification, the use of writing, exact and predictive
sciences, naturalistic art, foreign trade, group membership based on
residence rather than kinship (Childe)

THE CITY AS ARTIFACT

KOSTOF, THE CITY SHAPED:
Cities are places ...

o where a certain energized crowding of people takes place

o (cities) come in clusters
o that have some physical circumscription, whether material or
symbolic
o where there is a specialized differentiation of works
o favored by a source of income
o that must rely on written records
o that are intimately engaged with their countryside
o distinguished by some kind of monumental definition
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... made up of buildings and people

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KOTA SEBAGAI LINGKUNGAN

BINAAN

Kota dilihat pertama-tama sebagai Lingkungan

Binaan: entitas fisik-spasial yang terhampar di
muka bumi

Kota dilihat sebagai konsentrasi bangunanbangunan dan elemen fisik lainnya yang
dibangun serta di tata (bangun-bangunan, pohonpohonan)

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ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY

ALDO ROSSI, ARCHITECTURE OF THE

CITY:
the city is to be understood here as architecture;
the city is seen as a gigantic man-made object, work of
engineering and architecture that is large and complex
and growing over time
physical-spatial entity - made up of (thousands of)
buildings and other elements spread out on earth
surface forming spaces inside and between them
inhabited by (millions of) people doing activities
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KOTA SEBAGAI LINGKUNGAN

BINAAN

Konsentrasi Elemen-elemen Fisik:

Konsekwensi Langsung dari Konsentrasi
Manusia dan Aktivitasnya,

Karena bangunan-bangunan (termasuk

bebangunan - pepohonan) dibangun dan ditata
untuk menyediakan ruang (space) bagi kegiatan
manusia

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KOTA SEBAGAI LINGKUNGAN

BINAAN
Elemen-elemen fisik (massa) membentuk
ruang-ruang dalam (interior, internal) dan
luar (exterior, external)
di bangun oleh masyarakat penduduk kota yang
bersangkutan secara kolektif.

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KOTA SEBAGAI LINGKUNGAN

BINAAN

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KOLEKTIF: orang membangun bangunan

masing-masing secara bersamaan,
bergenerasi-generasi, sejak awal embrio
kota itu
dalam hal ini PEMBANGUNAN itu bisa
terencana (planned) dan bisa tidak
terencana (unplanned: organic)
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Planned vs unplanned ?
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Geometric Vs organic ?
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CATAL-HUYUK, MESOPOTAMIA
Tidak terencana/ organic

POLA KOTA DI CINA KUNO

Terencana /planned
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
(Rogets Thesaurus and English Dictionary)
Morphology: the science which treats the form and
arrangement of the structures of plants and animals.
(Tom Porter, ARCHISPEAK, 2004)
URBAN MORPHOLOGY :The

study of changing structure of

an architectural form and its formation in response to different
conditions, such as time or function, or to the relationship of a
form to existing typologies.
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
(Spiro Kostof, THE CITY SHAPED, 1991)
URBAN MORPHOLOGY :It is about urban form and urban
process. it is a discussion of some patterns and elements of
urban form seen in a historical perspective. ... has to do with the
people and forces and institutions that bring about urban form.
(D.I. Scargill, THE FORM OF CITIES, 1979)
URBAN MORPHOLOGY :What is meant by the form of
cities? To some the word may suggest involvement only with the
morphology of the city, i.e. its physical fabric, dwellings and the
more specialized structures that house retail, office and
manufacturing functions.
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URBAN FORM and URBAN PROCESS

Spiro Kostof, THE CITY SHAPED, 1991:
Urban design is of course an art, and like all design it does
have to consider, or at least pay lip service to human
behavior.
...... how and why cities took the shape they did. ....... not
(engaged) with form in the abstract, or with form studied for its
behavioral possibilities, but with form as a receptacle of
meaning. And architectural meaning is ultimately always
lodged in history, in cultural contexts.
....... analysis of urban form.
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URBAN FORM and URBAN PROCESS

Spiro Kostof, THE CITY SHAPED, 1991:
To the form-seeker, for example, a grid is a grid is a grid. ....
it is a visual theme upon which to play variations: .....
(but) ..... how, and with what intentions, ...... The fact that
the grid has accommodated a startling varietry of social
structures ...... city form is neutral until it is impressed with
specific cultural intent.

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KOTA SEBAGAI LAPISAN SEJARAH

Karya kolektif: diakronik dan
sinkronik
Diakronik: dari cikal bakal sampai
keadaan sekarang
Sinkronik: dibangun dan ditata
secara bersamaan oleh banyak
orang
Fragmen-fragmen
perkembangan transformasi
pada berbagai skala besaran (rumah,
kompleks, lingkungan, dst.)
Ujud kota sekarang: produk
sejarah superimposisi lapisan
jaman cerminan berbagai kekuatan
sepanjang proses pembentukannya
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METAFOR KOTA SEBAGAI TISSUE /

JARINGAN

METAFOR CITY as tissue melihat lingkungan binaan

sebagai morphological interweaving of built &
open space
POLA-POLA JALINAN (interweaving) antara BUILT
and OPEN SPACE yang kongkrit,
Mencari TEMA-TEMA MORFOLOGIS yang mendasari
jalinan itu

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kota

kota

kota
kota
kota

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NEW YORK
(Plunz,
1991)

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Kota
Trowulan
Majapahit

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Gempol
Bandung

Sarijadi
Bandung

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METAFOR KOTA SEBAGAI

TISSUE / JARINGAN

CITY AS TISSUE sebagai reaksi terhadap city as

machine dari modernisme

RUANG MODERN digambarkan sebagai:

systematic collection of specialized and functionally
clearly defined architectural elements

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KOTA sebagai MESIN

KOTA sebagai TISSUE

Modernisme: functional zoning,

3 fungsi dasar: living working
recreation,
Kota berfungsi - mesin
Tata fisik: pola dan skema
abstrak, konsekwensi linier
fungsi-fungsi
Skala besaran pen-zona-an:
jumlah penduduk kota
Interaksi morfologis yang
intens antara bangunan dengan
jalan dan ruang terbuka hilang

Physical-spatial entity: bangunan,

jalan, pohon, sungai, bukit, bangunbangunan, dengan konfigurasi
tertentu
Ruang-ruang di antara dan di dalam
elemen-elemen - bentuk-bentuk
ruang kota: (linier, terpusat)
Interaksi morfologis antara builtdan open spaces pola jalinan
bangunan dan ruang terbuka
Urban tissue tidak identik dengan
batas-batas administratif

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METAFOR KOTA SEBAGAI

TISSUE / JARINGAN

METAFOR CITY AS MACHINE: tiap bagian punya

fungsi yang jelas dan bentuk akhir yang
lengkap karena fungsi tersebut.

maka sedikit kemungkinan untuk TUMBUH dan

BERUBAH, ada KEKABURAN dan PLURALITAS
MAKNA .

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URBAN DESIGN
Urban design is that part of the planning process that deals
with the physical quality of the environment.
Urban design is a complex interdisciplinary field
Simply put, urban design is concerned with the form of
urbanized areas.
One common error is to view urban design as so-called
large-scale architecture.
For the architect, the simple act of locating a building in an
urban setting is an act of urban design,
Urban design should serve the public at large, the plural
society.
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URBAN DESIGN

The main issue is how much control urban design

should establish and how much flexibility and freedom
should be left in the hands of the architect or the
individual building designer.

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