Signals and system

Abhishek Gubbi basavaraj

Causal And Noncausal

System (Causality Property)
Definition:A system is said to be
causal system(nonanticipatory) if its
output depends on present and past
inputs only and not on future inputs.
Examples:The output of casual
system depends on present and
past inputs, it means y(n) is a
function of x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2), x(n3)etc. Some examples of causal
systems are given below:
1) y(n) = x(n) + x(n-2)
2) y(n) = x(n-1) x(n-3)
3) y(n) = 7x(n-5)

Definition:A system whose present response depends on

future values of the inputs is called as a non-causal system.

Examples:In this case, output y(n) is function of x(n), x(n-1),

x(n-2)etc. as well as it is function of x(n+1), x(n+2), x(n+3),
etc. following are some examples of non-causal systems:

1) Y(n) = x(n) + x(n+1)

2) Y(n) = 7x(n+2)

3) Y(n) = x(n) + 9x(n+5)

Significance
Since causal system does not
include future input samples;
such system is practically
realizable. That mean such
system can be implemented
practically. Generally all real
time systems are causal
systems; because in real time
applications only present and
past samples are
present.Since future samples
are not present; causal system
is memory less system.

Since non-causal system contains future samples; a noncausal system is practically not realizable. That means in
practical cases it is not possible to implement a non-causal
system.

But if the signals are stored in the memory and at a later time
they are used by a system then such signals are treated as
advanced or future signal. Because such signals are already
present, before the system has started its operation. In such
cases it is possible to implement a non-causal system.

Some practical examples of non-causal systems are as

follows:

1) Population growth

2) Weather forecasting

3) Planning commission etc

Solved Problems On Causal And Non-Causal System:

Determine if the systems described by the following
equations are causal or non-causal.
1) y(n) = x(n) + x(n-3)
Solution:the given system is causal because its output
(y(n)) depends only on the present x(n) and past x(n-3)
inputs.
2) y(n) = x(-n+2)
Solution:this is non-causal system. This is because at n
= -1 we gety(-1) = x[-(-1)+2] = x(3).Thus present output
at n = -1, expects future input i.e. x(3)

Linear Or Non-Linear Systems (Linearity Property)

A linear system is a system which follows the superposition principle.Let us consider a system
having its response as T, input as x(n) and it produces output y(n). This is shown in figure below:
Let us consider two inputs. Input x1(n) produces output y1(n) and input x2(n) produces output y2(n). Now
consider two arbitrary constants a1 and a2. Then simply multiply these constants with input x1(n) and
x2(n) respectively. Thus a1x1(n) produces output a1y1(n) and a2x2(n) produces output a2y2(n).
Theorem For Linearity Of The System:
A system is said to be linear if the combined response of a1x1(n) and a2x2(n) is equal to the addition of
the individual responses.
That means,
T[a1 x1(n) + a2 x2(n)] = a1 T[x1(n)] + a2 T[x2(n)].1)
The above theorem is also known as superposition theorem.
Important Characteristic:
Linear system has one important characteristic: If the input to the system is zero then it produces zero
output. If the given system produces some output (non-zero) at zero input then the system is said to be
Non-linear system. If this condition is satisfied then apply the superposition theorem to determine
whether the given system is linear or not?

CONT

For continuous time system:

Similar to the discrete time system a continuous time system is said to be linear if it follows the
superposition theorem.
Let us consider two systems as follows:
y1(t) = f[x1(t)]
And y2(t) = f[x2(t)]
Here y1(t) and y2(t) are the responses of the system and x1(t) and x2(t) are the excitations. Then the
system is said to be linear if it satisfies the following expression:
f[a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t).1)
Where a1 and a2 are constants.
A system is said to be non-linear system if does not satisfies the above expression. Communication
channels and filters are examples of linear systems.
How to determine whether the given system is Linear or not?
To determine whether the given system is Linear or not, we have to follow the following steps:
Step 1:Apply zero input and check the output. If the output is zero then the system is linear. If this
step is satisfied then follow the remaining steps.
Step 2:Apply individual inputs to the system and determine corresponding outputs. Then add all
outputs. Denote this addition by y(n). This is the R.H.S. of the 1 stequation.
Step 3:Combine all inputs. Apply it to the system and find out y(n). This is L.H.S. of equation (1).
Step 4:if y(n) = y(n) then the system is linear otherwise it is non-linear system.

Solved Problem:

Determine whether the following system is linear or not?

y(n) = n x(n)
Solution:
Step 1:When input x(n) is zero then output is also zero. Here first step is
satisfied so we will check remaining steps for linearity.
Step 2:Let us consider two inputs x1(n) and x2(n) be the two inputs which
produces outputs y1(t) and y2(t) respectively. It is given as follows:

Now add these two output to get y(n)

Therefore y(n) = y1(n) + y2(n) = n x1(n) + n x2(n)
Therefore y(n) = n [x1(n) + x2(n)]
Step 3:Now add x1(n) and x2(n) and apply this input to the system.
Therefore

 We know that the function of system is to multiply input

by n.
Here [x1(n) + x2(n)] acts as one input to the system. So
the corresponding output is,
y(n) = n [x1(n) + x2(n)]
Step 4:Compare y(n) and y(n).
Here y(n) = y(n). hence the given system is linear.

Stable Or Unstable System (Stability

Property)

How to determine whether the system is stable or unstable i.e. stability property. To define
stability of a system we will use the term BIBO. It stands for Bounded Input Bounded Output.
The meaning of word bounded is some finite value. So bounded input means input signal is
having some finite value. i.e. input signal is not infinite. Similarly bounded output means, the
output signal attains some finite value i.e. the output is not reaching to infinite level.
Definition Of StableSystem:
An infinite system is BIBO stable if and only if every bounded input produces bounded output.
Mathematical representation:
Let us consider some finite number Mx whose value is less than infinite. That means Mx < ,
so its a finite value. Then if input is bounded, we can write,
|x(n)| Mx <
Similarly for C.T. system
|x(t)| Mx <
Similarly consider some finite number My whose value is less than infinity. That means My <
, so its a finite value. Then if output is bounded, we can write,
|y(n)| My <
Similarly for continuous time system
|y(t)| My <

cont.

Definition Of Unstable System:

An initially system is said to be unstable if bounded input produces
unbounded (infinite) output.
Significance:
Unstable system shows erratic and extreme behavior.
When unstable system is practically implemented then it causes
overflow.
Solved Problem On Stability:
Determine whether the following discrete time functions are
stable or not.
1) y(n) = x(-n)
Solution: we have to check the stability of the system by applying
bounded input. That means the value of x(-n) should be finite. So when
input is bounded output will be bounded. Thus the given function is
Stable system.

Time Variant Or Time Invariant Systems

Definition:
A system is said to be Time Invariant if its input output characteristics do not
change with time. Otherwise it is said to be Time Variant system.
Explanation:
As already mentioned time invariant systems are those systems whose input
output characteristics do not change with time shifting. Let us consider x(n) be
the input to the system which produces output y(n) as shown in figure below.
Now delay input by k samples, it means our new input will become x(n-k). Now
apply this delayed input x(n-k) to the same system as shown in figure below.
Now if the output of this system also delayed by k samples (i.e. if output is
equal to y(n-k)) then this system is said to be Time invariant (or shift invariant)
system.
If we observe carefully, x(n) is the initial input to the system which gives
output y(n), if we delayed input by k samples output is also delayed by same
(k) samples. Thus we can say that input output characteristics of the system
do not change with time. Hence it is Time invariant system.

 Theorem:
A system is Time Invariant if and only if

Similarly a continuous time system is Time Invariant if and only if

Now let us discuss about How to determine that the given system is Time
invariant or not?
To determine whether the given system is Time Invariant or Time Variant, we have
to follow the following steps:
Step 1:Delay the input x(n) by k samples i.e. x(n-k). Denote the corresponding
output by y(n,k).
That means x(n-k) y(n,k)
Step 2:In the given equation of system y(n) replace n by n-k throughout. Thus
the output is y(n-k).
Step 3:If y(n,k) = y(n-k) then the system is time invariant (TIV) and if y(n,k)
y(n-k) then system is time variant (TV).

Solved Problems:

1) Determine whether the following system is time invariant or not.

y(n) = x(n) x(n-2)
Solution:
Step 1:Delay the input by k samples and denote the output by y(n,k)
Therefore y(n,k) = x(n-k) x(n-2-k)
Step 2:Replace n by n-k throughout the given equation.
Therefore y(n-k) = x(n-k) x(n-k-2)
Step 3:Compare above two equations. Here y(n,k) = y(n-k). Thus the system is Time
Invariant.
2) Determine whether the following systems are time invariant or not?
y(n) = x(n) + n x(n-2)
Solution:
Step 1:Delay the input by k samples and denote the output by y(n,k)
Therefore y(n,k) = x(n-k) + n x(n-2)
Step 2:Replace n by n-k throughout the given equation.
Therefore y(n-k) = x(n-k) + (n-k) x(n-k-2)
Step 3:Compare above two equations. Here y(n,k) y(n-k). Thus the system is Time Variant.