Unit 2 Concepts,

Classification, and
States of Matter

CONCEPTS OF MATTER
C.4.A differentiate between physical
and chemical changes and properties

Matter
Chemistry is the study of matter and
how it changes.
What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space
Mass is the amount of matter in an object

Light, sound, gravity and electricity

examples of non-matter

Physical Changes in
Matter
A change in a substance that does not
change the identity of the substance
Includes all changes of state (changing
from solid-liquid-gas)
Key Words:
Grinding
Dissolving
Cutting
Breaking
Shattering

Chemical Changes in
Matter
Chemical Change is an action where a
new form of matter is created by
rearranging atoms from the original matter.
A new form of matter is created.
A chemical change does not change the
amount of matter present
Examples:
Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen
Burning a piece of wood
Combining an acid and a base to produce salt and water.
Digesting food
Popping firecrackers
Milk souring if not refrigerated

Signs of Chemical
Change
You might have a chemical
change if you see:
Bubbles (a new gas was formed)
A new odor is detected
Light is given of
A sound is heard
Tarnish appears
There is a change in
temperature (Hot or Cold)
A precipitate was formed
(a solid is formed from two liquids)
Color change ( ***But not
always!)

Is It Chemical or Physical
Change?

Chemical Change
Cookies are baked
Water boils Physical Change
Salt dissolves in water
Physical Change
Milk spoils Chemical Change
A metal chair rustsChemical Change
Paper is torn Physical Change
A tree burns down
Chemical Change

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
C.4.A differentiate between physical
and chemical changes and properties
C.4.B identify extensive and
intensive properties

Properties of Matter

Remember that Matter is anything that has both mass and

volume (ietakes up space)
Properties are characteristics that enable us to distinguish
one kind of matter from another.

Physical Properties
Physical properties can be observed or measured
without changing the composition of matter. Physical
properties are used to observe and describe matter.
Examples of Physical Properties
Odor
Color
Density - The mass of a substance divided by its
volume
Luster - How shiny a substance is.
Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten
into thin sheets.
Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into
thin wires.

Physical Properties cont.

More Examples of Physical Properties
Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.
Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which
the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in
equilibrium.
Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the
liquid
Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the
flow of energy or electricity.

Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of matter describe its
"potential" to undergo some chemical change or
reaction by virtue of its composition. These
properties cannot be tested with changing the
composition of the substances.
Examples of Chemical Properties
Reactivity The ability of a substance to
undergo a chemical reaction
Ionization The ability of a substance to
exhibit a positive or negative charge.
Combustibility The ability for a substance to
burn

Intensive Properties
Intensive Properties Properties of
matter that are not dependent on the amount of
matter.
Examples of intensive properties
Temperature
Color
Hardness
melting point
boiling point
pressure
density

Extensive Properties
Extensive Properties Properties of
matter that are dependent on the amount of
matter.
Examples of extensive properties
Mass
Volume
Length

Density
Densityisthemeasurementofhowtightlypacked

matteris.Sincetheamountofmatterismassandthe
spaceitoccupiesisvolume,wecancalculatethe
densityofmatterusingthefollowingequation:
Massismeasuredingrams(g).Volumeismeasuredinunitsof
lengthcubed(cm3)orunitsofvolume(mL).Eithercanbeused
becauseonemilliliterisdefinedasonecubiccentimeter(cm3).

Density =

Volume
Thevolumeofanobjectis
calculatedbymultiplyingthe
measurementsoflength,height,and
width.Whathappenswhenthe
objectisirregularinshapeand
length,height,orwidthcannotbe
measuredusingaruler?
Thetechniquemostcommonlyused
iswater displacement.Byfinding
thevolumeofwaterthatisdisplaced
bythematterthevolumeofthe
mattercanbedeterminedbecauseit
isthematterdisplacingthewater.

STATES OF MATTER
C.4.C compare solids, liquids, and
gases in terms of compressibility,
structure, shape, and volume

States of Matter
There are three states of matter Solids,
liquids, and gases that are all diferent
states of matter. Each of these states is
also known as a phase.

States of Matter
A "phase" describes a physical state of
matter. The key word to notice is
physical. Things only move from one
phase to another by physical means. If
energy is added (like increasing the
temperature) or if energy is taken away
(like freezing something), you have
created a physical change.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms of
molecules).
These particles are so small compared to the
distances between them that the volume of the
individual particles can be assumed to be zero.
The particles are in constant random motion,
colliding with the walls of the container. These
collisions with the walls cause the pressure
exerted by the gas.
The particles are assumed not to attract or to
repel each other.
The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of

 Solids

Particle Movement In
Matter
Liquids

Gases

Solid
definite shape
definite volume
atoms are packed
together in fixed positions
only vibrate in place
Not easily compressible
little free space between
particles

Liquid
indefinite shape
definite volume
atoms are close
together
not easily
compressible
little free space between
particles

Gases
indefinite volume and
shape
atoms move quickly
atoms are far apart
compressible
lots of free space between
particles
vapor refers to the
gaseous state of a
substance that is a solid or
liquid at room temperature.

Plasma
They are diferent and unique from the other
states of matter. Plasma is diferent from a
gas, because it is made up of groups of
positively and negatively charged
particles.
Not naturally occurring on Earth
In neon gas, the electrons are all bound to
the nucleus.
Example:

In neon plasma like inside a neon light,

the electrons When the light is turned on, the
electricity flows through the tube. The
electricity charges the gas and creates
plasma inside of the tube. The plasma glows
a special color depending on what kind of gas
is inside. are free to move around the system.

CLASSIFICATION OF
MATTER
C.4.D classify matter as pure
substances or mixtures through
investigation of their properties

Classifying Matter
Just like taxonomy in Biology, matter can be
classified according to its properties.
Diferent types of matter are classified in to
diferent groups, Mixtures and Pure substances.
They can then be classified even further into
compounds and elements (pure substances)
and heterogeneous mixtures and
homogeneous mixtures (mixtures).
Where matter is classified depends on whether
it can be physically separated and/or
chemically separated.

Matter

Anythingthathasmassand
takesupspace
[Solid,Liquid,gas,orplasma]

Pure Substances
Matterwithafixedcompositionand
definiteproperties

Separate
d by
physical
means
into

Elements

Compounds

Asubstancemadeof
atomsofmorethanone
elementboundtogether
Everycompoundis
uniqueanddifferent
fromtheelementit
contains
Examples:

Salt:NaCl

Elementsare
substancesthatcannot
bebrokendowninto
simplersubstancesall
areonekindofmatter.
Examples:

Sodium (Na)
Hydrogen (H2)
Chlorine (Cl)

Water:H2O
Separated by chemical
means into

Mixtures
Acombinationofmorethanonepure
substance

Homogeneous

(Homo=same)
Samecomposition
throughoutbecause
particlesofone
substancearedissolved
inanother
All solutions are
homogenous

Heter0geneous

(Hetero=different
)
Mixturethatarenotthe
samefromplacetoplace.
Onematerialis
suspended,notdissolved
withinanother.
Examples:

Examples:

Chocolatechipcookie

Kool-aid

Gravel

Saltwater

ChickenSoup

Pure Substances

Element
composed of identical atoms
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Compound

Pure Substances

composed of 2 or more elements

in a fixed ratio
properties difer from those of
individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Pure substances
Elements

Sulfur (S)
Gold (Au)

Bromine (Br)

Carbon (C)

Compounds

=
Silicon

Oxygen

Quartz (Silicon Dioxide)

Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more
pure substances.

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixture that are not the same from place to
place. One material is suspended, not
dissolved within another.

Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
Samecompositionthroughoutbecauseparticlesof
onesubstancearedissolvedinanother

Brass (an alloy)

MadeupofCopperand
Zinc

Classification of Matter
uniform
properties?

yes
fixed
composition?

yes
chemically
seperated?

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm

no

heterogeneous
mixture

no

homogeneous
mixture

no

element

yes

compound

Classifying Matter Practice

Examples:
Graphite (C)

element

pepper

hetero. mixture

sugar (sucrose,

compound

C12H22O11)
paint
soda

hetero. mixture
solution
homo. mixture
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Compounds vs. Mixtures

Compounds have properties that are
uniquely diferent from the elements from
which they are made.
A formula can always be written for a
compound
e.g. NaCl Na + Cl2
Mixtures keep their individual properties.
e.g. Salt water is both salty (salt
component) and wet (water component).

MATTER
yes
MIXTURE
yes

Is the composition
uniform?

Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)

PURE SUBSTANCE
no

Heterogeneous
Mixture

Colloids

no

Can it be physically
separated?

yes

Can it be chemically
separated?

Compound

Suspensions

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

no

Element

Properties of Solutions,
Colloids, and
Suspensions
Do not settle

Solutions

Do not settle
out
Pass
unchanged
through
ordinary
filter paper
Do not
scatter light
Afect
colligative
properties

Colloids
out

Pass
unchanged
through
ordinary
filter paper
Separated
by a
membrane
Scatter light
Do not afect
colligative
properties

Suspensions

Settle out
when
standing
Separated
by ordinary
filter paper
Separated
by a
membrane
Scatter light
Do not afect
colligative
properties