CHEMISTRY ?

CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTERS

AND THEIR CHANGES, RELATED TO :

- Structure
- Composition
- Properties
- Energy

THE SCOPE OF CHEMISTRY :

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
& BIOCHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY

ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY

THEORETICAL DEVICES

EXPERIMENTAL
DEVICES

Kornhauser (1981) :

It is not chemistry if we learn

theories without facts, and it is not
science if we learn only facts
without learning theories.

Theories must not replace facts in

chemistry, but should explain them.

CHEMICAL REACTION :
the focal point of any
chemical studies

Why do chemical reactions occur?

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the
nature of chemical change.
Focusing on the recognizing all setting forth the
basic principles that help us to understand why
chemical reactions occur.
For the very essence of practical chemistry is
the scientific control of chemical change.

If it is known why it occurs, then we can know

what conditions are necessary to cause or
prevent its occurrence, and we can direct our
ingenuity toward establishing such conditions.
Furthermore, such understanding should be
invaluable to anyone, who without it are faced
with an almost infinite variety of chemical
equations to be memorized but with 110 basis
for recognizing that they do make sense.

Before we can consider "Why" reactions occur,

it is necessary to think of what happens during
the occurring of a chemical reaction.

Reactants products
In order for this to happen, atoms, which are
initially attached to one another in a certain way
in the reactants, become separated, at least to
some extent, and rearranged in the products.

THE CONCEPT OF
ENERGY

Definition

Energy could be defined as the capacity of a

system to do work

q
heat
SYSTE
M

The First Law of Thermodynamics

:
In ordinary processes, energy is conserved,
it is neither created nor destroyed

q
heat
SYSTE
M

W
wor
k

If heat q is added to a system and work w is

done by the system, the total amount of
energy added to the system, (q - w); is not
destroyed but is stored within the system to
increase the internal energy U

q
heat
SYSTE
M

W
wor
k

THE INTERNAL ENERGY

U = q - w
Unuclear
Uelectronic

: nuclear binding
energy
: electronic energy

MeV

Uvibration

: vibration energy

Kcal/mol
e
cal/mole

Urotation

: rotation energy

cal/mole

Utranslation

: translation energy

cal/mole

U : How to
measure
?
Considering that mechanical work w is equal
to pV :

U = q - p V
U = qv
measurable at constant volume

Since most chemical processes proceed at

constant pressure rather than at constant volume,
it is more convenient to use other new definition of
internal energy called enthalpy : H = U + pV or H
= U + pV

U + p V = qp
H = qp
measurable at constant pressure

 If enthalpy (or internal energy) is the

driving force of chemical processes, it is
reasonable to expect that all chemical
processes should be followed by a heat
release (exothermic).
In practice, however, although it is true
that most chemical processes are
exothermic, some endothermic (heat
absorbed) chemical processes do exist.
It may be concluded, therefore, that
enthalpy (or internal energy) is NOT the
driving force of chemical processes

The Second Law of

Thermodynamics :
It is impossible to take heat from a body of
uniform temperature and convert it entirely
into work without causing a change in the
thermodynamic state of some other body.
It is impossible to have chemical processes,
working with a 100 % efficiency. Some waste
energy must also be released.

THE CONCEPT OF FREE

ENERGY

G = H - TS
Net energy

Total
energ
y

Correction for
useless
Energy

G = H - TS
Free energy

Enthalpy

Waste Energy

GIBBS FREE ENERGY

G = H - TS
Chemica
l
Bonding

System
Structur
e

CHEMICAL
BONDING :

Thermodynamic
Interpretation

+
A

A B

ATRACTIVE ENERGY :

Between nucleus A and

electron B

Between electron A and

nucleus B

Uatt= - Catt/r

REPULSIVE ENERGY :

Between nucleus A and

nucleus B

Between electron A and

electron B

Urep= + Crep/r

Urep= + Crep/r

Uatt= - Catt/r

BOND ENERGY :
The energy required to break
down chemical bond into separate
atoms

BOND LENGTH :
The equilibrium distance between
two atoms involving chemical
bond.

BOND ENERGY vs INTERAL

ENERGY
INTERNAL ENERGY U :
The most stable chemical bond would
be formed at the lowest internal
energy

BOND ENERGY :
The stronger chemical bond would be
formed with larger bond energy

Chemical processes tend to proceed

spontaneously in the direction of
diminished free energy, i.e. when the
free energy change, G, is negative.

G is the driving force

of chemical processes

A B
GA > GB

G < 0

Spontaneous change : A B

GA = GB

G = 0

A B is at the equilibrium state

GA < GB

G > 0

Spontaneous change : B A