Jelajahi eBook
Kategori
Jelajahi Buku audio
Kategori
Jelajahi Majalah
Kategori
Jelajahi Dokumen
Kategori
Proteins
Enzymes as Biological
Catalysts
Meningkatkan laju reaksi lebih
dari 1,000,000
Dua sifat dasar
Sifat enzim
Enzim dibentuk dalam protoplasma sel
Enzim beraktifitas di dalam sel tempat
sintesisnya (disebut endoenzim)
maupun di tempat yang lain diluar
tempat sintesisnya (disebut
eksoenzim)
Sebagian besar enzim bersifat
endoenzim
Susunan enzim
Komponen utama enzim adalah
protein
Protein yang sifatnya fungsional,
bukan protein struktural
Tidak semua protein bertindak
sebagai enzim
Contoh koenzim
1.
2.
3.
4.
NAD (koenzim 1)
NADP (koenzim 2)
FMN dan FAD
Cytokrom: cytokrom a, a3, b, b6, c, dan
f
5. Plastoquinon, plastosianin, feredoksin
6. ATP: senyawa organik berenergi tinggi,
mengandung 3 gugus P dan adenin
ribose
Proteins
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
The substrate binds to a specific region called the active site (substrat
menempel pada bagian enzim yang disebut situs aktif)
Topic 2-3
10
Enzyme Action:
Lock and Key Model
Enzim menempel pada daerah situs aktif
(active site )
Hanya substrat tertentu dapat menempel
pada situs aktif (spesifik)
Rantai samping R asam Amino memebantu
enempelan pada situs aktif
Membentuk kompleks Enzyme-substrate
Substrate bereaksi memebentuk produk
Produk dilepaskan oleh enzim
11
Topic 2-3
12
S
P
E
E
S
P
ES complex
13
Enzyme Action:
Induced Fit Model
Struktur enzim flexible, tidak rigid
(kaku)
Enzyme dan active site menyesuaikan
bentuk untuk ditempeli substrat
Meningkatkan range dari spesifitas
substrate
Perubahan bentuk juga meningkatkan
katalisis selama reaksi.
14
S
P
E
+
+
P
ES complex
E
15
Learning Check E2
A. The active site is
(1) the enzyme
(2) a section of the enzyme
(3) the substrate
B.
Solution E2
A. The active site is
(2) a section of the enzyme
B.
18
Reaction
Rate
Low
High
Temperature
19
5- 40oC
Increase in Activity
Temperature
Rate of Reaction
40oC - denatures
0
<5oC - inactive
10
20
30
40
50
60
21
Reaction
Rate
substrate concentration
22
23
Reaction
Rate
Optimum pH
11
pH
24
Memotong Peptida
menjadi asam amino
bebas
Memotong
antara arginin
dan lisin
Learning Check E3
Sucrase has an optimum temperature of
37C and an optimum pH of 6.2.
Determine the effect of the following on
its rate of reaction
(1) no change
(2) increase (3)
decrease
A. Increasing the concentration of
sucrose
B. Changing the pH to 4
C. Running the reaction at 70C
26
Solution E3
Sucrase has an optimum temperature of
37C and an optimum pH of 6.2.
Determine the effect of the following on
its rate of reaction
(1) no change
(2) increase (3)
decrease
A. 2, 1 Increasing the concentration of
sucrose
B. 3 Changing the pH to 4
C. 3 Running the reaction at 70C
27
Catalase
Amylase
Water + Oxygen
Maltose
Amino acids
Name of Enzymes
End in ase
Identifies a reacting substance
sucrase reacts sucrose
lipase - reacts lipid
Describes function of enzyme
oxidase catalyzes oxidation
hydrolase catalyzes hydrolysis
Common names of digestion enzymes
still use in
pepsin, trypsin
29
A + B A + B
2. Transferases
catalyses reactions that
involve the transfer of
groups from one molecule
to another. E.g. of such
groups include amino,
AX methyl
+ B etc..
A + BX
carboxyl
4. Lyases- catalyse
reactions in which
groups (e.g. H2O,
CO2 and NH3) are
removed to form a
double bond or are
added to a double
bond. E.g.
5. Isomerases- heterogeneous
group of enzymes that
catalyze intramolecular
rearrangements
Regulasi Enzim
Enzim yang mengakatilisi reaksi langkahu pertama
suatu jalur biosintesis biasanya dihambat oleh produk
akhirnya.(Feed back inhibition)
E5
E1
E2
E3
phosphofructokinas
e
Proteins
Regulation of
Enzyme activity
Feedback inhibition an
example of allosteric
regulation
Topic 2-3
35
PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM
Enzim dapat dihambat dengan
molekul spesifik
Dapat bersifat reversibel dan
ireversibel
Enzyme Inhibition
Inhibitors
cause a loss of catalytic activity
Change the protein structure of an
enzyme
May be competitive or noncompetitive
Some effects are irreversible
37
Competitive Inhibition
A competitive inhibitor
Has a structure similar to
substrate
Occupies active site
Competes with substrate for
active site
Has effect reversed by
increasing substrate
concentration
39
Noncompetitive Inhibition
A noncompetitive inhibitor
Does not have a structure like substrate
Binds to the enzyme but not active site
Changes the shape of enzyme and active
site
Substrate cannot fit altered active site
No reaction occurs
Effect is not reversed by adding substrate
40
Learning Check E4
Identify each statement as describing an
inhibitor that is
(1) Competitive (2) Noncompetitive
A . Increasing substrate reverses inhibition
B. Binds to enzyme, not active site
C. Structure is similar to substrate
D. Inhibition is not reversed with substrate
41
Solution E4
Identify each statement as describing an
inhibitor that is
(1) Competitive (2) Noncompetitive
A. 1 Increasing substrate reverses inhibition
B. 2 Binds to enzyme, not active site
C. 1 Structure is similar to substrate
D. 2 Inhibition is not reversed with
substrate
42
K3
E + S
ES
P + E
K2
+
I
KI
ESI
NO REACTION
Pengahambatan campuran
(Mixed Inhibition)
Merupakan tipe khusus
penghambatan non kompetitif.
S dapat bereaksi dengan EI, sedang I
dapat bereaksi dengan ES sehingga
terbentuk senyawa tidak aktif EIS.
Afinitas I pada E < S pada E
Penghambatan Substrat
Konsentrasi substrat yang berlebihan
akan menyebabkan Vi (V awal lebih
tinggi dari Vm), krn terjadinya
penghambatan terbentuk kompleks
SES yang tidak aktif.