The Most Tough

Undesired Components
and Pollutants in Water
Pipes
1. Scale and Water Hardness
2. Corrosion and Rust
3. Bacteria and Algae

1. Scale and Hard

Water Problems

Water with higher content of

alkali earth (Ca, Mg),
bicarbonates is called hard
water.

How
How do
do you
you recognize
recognize hard
hard
water?
water?
Hard water prevents soap
from lathering by causing
the development of an
insoluble precipitate in the
water.

Origin
Origin of
of ions
ions that
that cause
cause hardness
hardness in
in
natural
natural waters
waters
As
Asocean
oceanwater
waterevaporates,
evaporates,ititform
formclouds,
clouds,which
whichcondenses
condensesand
and
precipitates
precipitatesrain.
rain.
As
Asrain
rainwater
waterfalls
fallsititencounters
encounterscarbon
carbondioxide
dioxideand
andreacts
reactswith
withitit
to
toform
formaamild
mildacid
acid(Carbonic
(CarbonicAcid).
Acid).

CO
= H2CO3
CO2 2++HH2O
2O = H2CO3

Thus
Thusas
asrain
rainwater
watercomes
comesinto
intocontact
contactwith
withlimestone
limestoneininthe
theearth,
earth,the
the
limestone
limestonedissolves
dissolvesand
andgoes
goesinto
intosolution
solutionwith
withthe
thewater.
water.

CaCO
++22HCO
3 ==Ca
CaCO3 3++HH2CO
CO
Ca
HCO3 3
2
3
Surface
Surfacewaters
watersalso
alsoencounter
encounter
carbon
dioxide
from
the
carbon dioxide from thedecay
decayof
of
organic
materials.
As
these
organic materials. As these
waters
waterscontact
contactlimestone,
limestone,the
the
limestone
gradually
dissolves
limestone gradually dissolvesand
and
goes
into
solution.
goes into solution.

How
How hard
hard water
water is
is formed
formed in
in nature?
nature?
When
Whenthe
theconcentration
concentration
of
ofcalcium
calciumand
and
bicarbonate
bicarbonateincreases
increases
due
dueto
tothe
theintensive
intensive
reactions
reactionsof
ofrain
rainwater
water
when
whenititfalls
fallson
on
carbonate
carbonaterocks
rocksthis
thismay
may
cause
causewater
waterhardness.
hardness.

The main problem

associated with the use
of hard water in the
different applications is

scale

Scale is a precipitate deposited on surfaces

(e.g. inner pipe surfaces) that are in contact
with water.

Scale
Scaleforms
formsrocklike
rocklikedeposits
depositsinside
inside
and/or
and/oron
onwater
waterpipes
pipesand
andequipments.
equipments.

1.The degree of supersaturation

(high saturation index enhances scale formation)

Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

2. Temperature
(increase temperature, decreases solubility of CaCO 3 and
enhances scale formation)

3. PH
( increase PH, decreases solubility of CaCO 3 and enhances
scale formation)

4. Organic Processes

Orthorhombic Aragonite

Hexagonal Calcite

Limescale
Limescaleis
isonly
onlyaaproblem
problemififcalcium
calciumcarbonate
carbonate
precipitates
precipitatesas
as hexagonal
hexagonalcalcite
calcitecrystals.
crystals.
Orthorhombic
Orthorhombicaragonite
aragonitecrystals,
crystals,which
whichare
are19
19
times
timesmore
moresoluble
solublethan
thancalcite,
calcite,are
areless
lessprone
proneto
to
form
formhard
hardscale.
scale.

Calcite crystal seed needs a surface (the

wall of the pipe) to precipitate upon.

Aragonite
Aragonitemay
maynucleate
nucleatein
insolution
solutionand
and
form
formsoluble
solublesubstance
substancewhich
whichdoes
doesnot
not
adhere
adhereto
tosurfaces
surfaces

CaCO
CaCO33 Crystal
Crystal Structures
Structures

Aragonite

Calcite

Electron microscope photographs for water

samples with (A) and without (B) scale
Magnification
Magnification2000x
2000x

Scale Problems
It is common that calcium carbonate scale to adhere to
the inner wall of the pipes. This causes the following
problems in the pipe networks:
1.Reduction
1.Reductionin
inthe
theflow
flowrate.
rate.This
Thismay
mayrequire
requireincreased
increased
pressure
pressureto
tomaintain
maintainthe
thewater
waterflow.
flow.
2.2.Reduction
Reductionin
inthe
theefficiency
efficiencyof
ofheat
heatexchangers.
exchangers.
3. Increasing the cost associated with
operating systems using water
conduits.

2. Corrosion and
Rust Problems

Corrosion
Corrosionis
isthe
theresult
resultof
ofsome
somebacterial
bacterial
and/or
and/orchemical
chemicalreactions
reactionsinside
insidepipes.
pipes.
Rust
Rustis
isaacombination
combinationof
oftrivalent
trivalentiron
ironwith
with
oxygen
oxygeni.e.
i.e.ferric
ferricoxide
oxide (Fe
(Fe22O
O33).).
Corrosion
Corrosionleads
leadsto
to
biting
bitingthe
thewater
waterpipes.
pipes.
This
Thisends
endsup
upto
togreat
great
maintenance
maintenancecosts.
costs.

3. Bacteriological
Problems

Bacteriological
Problems
1.
Sulfate
Reducing
1. Sulfate ReducingBacteria
Bacteria(SRB)
(SRB)
CH20106(NH3)l6(H3PO4)(5 + 55S34O42

106CO2 + 16NH3 + 5532S

106H2O
+
H3 PO4

HH2OO++CO
CO2 2
2
HH2CO
3
2CO3
2+
Ca
2++ 2 HCO3 Ca + 2 HCO3

HH2CO
3
2CO3
HH++++HCO
3
HCO3-

CaCO
+ CO2
CaCO3 3 ++HH2O
2O + CO2

This
Thiskind
kindof
ofbacteria
bacteriaisiscatastrophic
catastrophicfor
forpipe
pipenetwork
networkvia:
via:
enhancing
enhancingscale,
scale,poising
poisingwater
waterand
andcausing
causingpipe
pipebiting.
biting.

2.
2. Infectious
Infectious bacteria,
bacteria, algae
algae and
and viruses
viruses
These
These include
include pathogenic
pathogenic (disease
(disease
producing)
producing) bacteria,
bacteria, viruses,
viruses, algae
algae
and
and protozoans
protozoans (microorganisms).
(microorganisms).
These
These organisms
organisms constitute
constitute aa major
major
problem
problem for
for drinking
drinking water
water potability.
potability.

Water treatment is a process of making water

suitable for its different applications and uses.
The most tough water treatment processes include:
1. The removal of scale and water hardness (water softening).
2. The removal of bacteria, algae and other organic
compounds.
3. The prevention of corrosion of water pipes.

These water treatment processes may

involve physical, chemical and biological
methods.

Chemical
Chemical

Flushing
Flushingout
outthe
thesystem
systemwith
withacid,
acid,
Corrosive
Corrosive(early
(earlyrenewal
renewalofofpiping),
piping),
Bad
Badfor
forenvironment,
environment,
Plant
Plantshutdown
shutdownnecessary,
necessary,
Recurring
Recurringexpenses
expenses

Physical
Physical

Friendly
Friendlyfor
forthe
theenvironment,
environment,
No corrosion,
No corrosion,
No
Noplant
plantshutdown
shutdownnecessary,
necessary,
One
Onetime
timeinvestment,
investment,
Capital
Capitalequipment
equipmentlast
lastlonger
longer

Mechanical
Mechanical

Labor intensive,
Labor intensive,
Plant
Plantshutdown
shutdownnecessary,
necessary,
Recurring expenses
Recurring expenses

Magnetic
Magnetic

Of
Ofrestricted
restricteduse
use(Not
(Notsuitable
suitable
for
large
pipe
sizes)
for large pipe sizes)
Needs
Needsmechanical
mechanicalfilter
filterup
up
stream.
stream.
Low effectiveness.
Low effectiveness.
Friendly
Friendlyfor
forenvironment.
environment.

Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic

Electrolysis
Electrolysis(Static
(Staticelectric
electricfield).
field).

Invasive.
Invasive.
Low effectiveness.
Low effectiveness.
Electrodes
Electrodescorrode
corrodeand
andwill
willhave
havetotobe
be
renewed.
renewed.

No
Nofilter
filterupstream
upstreamrequired
required
No
Nochemicals
chemicalsneeded
needed
No
maintenance
No maintenance
Life
Lifespan
spanover
over20
20years
years
No
pollution.
No pollution.
No
Norestrictions
restrictionsininpipe
pipesize
size
Removes
Removesold
oldcarbonate
carbonatescale
scalelayers.
layers.
Friendly
Friendlyfor
forenvironment.
environment.

Methods
Methods of
of Bacteriological
Bacteriological Control
Control
Chlorination
Chlorination

This
Thisprocess
processmay
maybe
beharmfull
harmfullfor
forman
manhealth
healthininmany
manyinstances.
instances.
You
Youmay
mayalways
alwaysadd
addsome
somedisinfection
disinfectionbyproducts
byproducts(trihalomethanes,
(trihalomethanes,
like
likechloroform)
chloroform)

Ozonation
Ozonation
Ozone
Ozonetreatment
treatmentcan
cancreate
createundesirable
undesirablebyproducts
byproductsthat
thatcan
canbe
be
harmful
harmfulto
tohealth
health(e.g.,
(e.g.,formaldehyde
formaldehydeand
andbromate).
bromate).

Ultra
UltraViolet
Violet(UV)
(UV)
UV
UVradiation
radiationisisnot
notsuitable
suitablefor
forwater
waterwith
withhigh
highlevels
levelsof
ofsuspended
suspended
solids,
solids,turbidity
turbidityor
orsoluble
solubleorganic
organicmatter.
matter.

Methods
Methods for
for Corrosion
Corrosion Prevention
Prevention
Anti-corrosion
Anti-corrosion chemicals
chemicals

And
And Know
Know
After
Afterwe
wehave
havetalk
talkabout
aboutwater
waterproblems
problemsand
andthe
the
conventional
conventionalsolutions,
solutions,which
whichthemselves
themselvesmay
may
become
becomeextra
extraproblems
problems

What
What is
is the
the new
new technology
technologywe
we have?
have?
And
Andwhy
whywe
webelieve
believethat
thatititoffers
offersthe
theperfect
perfectsolution
solutionfor:
for:

Scale
Scaleand
andwater
waterhardness
hardnessproblems
problems
Pipes
PipesCorrosion
Corrosionand
andRust
Rust
Bacteria
Bacteriaand
andother
otherharmful
harmfulorganisms
organisms

ItItis
isan
anelectronic
electronicequipment
equipmentthat
thatget
getuse
useof
ofaa
natural
natural(Physical)
(Physical)phenomenon
phenomenonin
insolving
solvingthe
the
most
mosttough
toughproblems
problemsof
ofhard
hardwater,
water,scales,
scales,
corrosion
corrosionand
andbacteria.
bacteria.

ItIt is
is the
the time
time of
of Science.
Science.
ItItis
isthe
thetime
timeof
oftechnology
technology

Just
Just relax
relax and
and let
let Descaler
Descaler works
works

Reduced maintenance expenses

No undesired hard scale in pipework
Extended equipment life
No more chemicals
Bacteriological control
Reduced corrosion
Improved water texture
Prevent
Preventdecreasing
decreasingthe
theheat
heatexchange
exchange
efficiency
efficiency
Easy
Easyinstallation
installation
Can
Canbe
beinstalled
installedon
onall
alltypes
typesof
of
pipes
pipes(steel,
(steel,copper,
copper,plastic)
plastic)
Environmental-friendly
Environmental-friendlyoperation
operation
Payback typically 3-12 months

How it Works?
The Descaler microprocessor based devise
creates a specially designed frequency-modulated
time-varying electromagnetic fields through the
inductor coil unit, which are wrapped around the
supply pipes.

The
The Technology
Technology
The
Theelectromagnetic
electromagneticwave
wavessvaries
variesin
inthree
threeways:
ways:
polarity
polarity, ,frequency
frequencyand
andamplitude
amplitude. .
Polarity
Polaritychanges
changesfrom
frompositive
positiveto
tonegative
negativemany
many
thousands
thousandsof
oftimes
timesper
persecond.
second.
Frequency
Frequencyvaries
variesfrom
from22,000
,000cycles
cyclesper
persecond
secondto
to77,0,000
00
cycles
cyclesper
persecond.
second.That
Thatrange
rangeof
offrequencies
frequenciesisiswide
wide
enough
enoughto
toaffect
affectthe
thewater
waterand
andthe
thematerials
materialsin
inthe
thewater.
water.
Amplitude
Amplitudevaries
variesfrom
from00milliamps
milliampsto
to250
250milliamps.
milliamps.This
This
means
meansthat
thatthe
thewater
watermolecules
moleculesand
andthe
thematerial
materialin
inthe
the
water
waterare
arebeing
beingsubjected
subjectedto
toaawide
widerange
rangeof
offield
fieldforces.
forces.

Electromagnetic waves

Pipe Wall
Scale

Water

Bacteria
Ions

Ca

HCO3

Ca

Induced
InducedElectromagnetic
ElectromagneticWaves
WavesWill
WillExert
Exert
an
anEffect
Effecton
onFive
FiveThings
ThingsInside
InsideThe
ThePipe
Pipe

The alternating or switching directions of the

Electromagnetic Multi-Frequency Fields uniquely created
by the Digital Descaler rotates the ionized calcium
and bicarbonate molecules toward alignment with the
changing field.

This rotation for alignment agitates the

molecules and breaks the bonds between the
molecules and bonded water molecules.
2+
The
Theoppositely-charged
oppositely-chargedions
ions(i.e.
(i.e.Ca
Ca2+, ,HCO3
HCO3)-)will
willthen
thenbe
be
forced
forcedto
tomove
movein
inopposite
oppositedirections,
directions,thereby
therebyproducing
producing
collisions.
collisions.
This
Thismay
mayresult
resultin
inthe
theformation
formationof
ofmicroscopic
microscopicnuclei
nucleithat
that
cause
causethe
thecalcium
calciumcarbonate
carbonateto
toprecipitate
precipitatewithin
withinthe
thewater
water
(in
(inthe
theform
formof
ofaragonite),
aragonite),instead
insteadof
ofon
onthe
thesurfaces
surfacesof
ofpipes,
pipes,
as
ashard
hardinsoluble
insolublecalcite
calcite

and thus prevents the formation of new scale.

When
When the
the Ca
Ca and
and HCO
HCO33 ions
ions are
are freed
freed
in
in solution
solution why
whythey
theycombine
combine to
to form
form
aragonite
aragonite and
and not
not calcite?
calcite?

The answer is:

Only
Onlyaragonite
aragonite polymorph
polymorph can
can be
be
formed
formed at
at this
this higher
higher energy
energylevel
level

Electromagnetic Descaler Effectiveness

Descaler
Treatment

Descaling effectiveness can be easily

verified by a simple experiment:
Water with hardness of 300 400 ppm, PH=9,
TDS=1500 ppm approximately are placed in two
containers.
In each container, a small pump is used to
circulate the water through a transparent hose.
The water in both containers is then heated to
70 degree C to promote the growth of hard scale.
In one of the containers, the transparent hose
is passed through the Descaler unit for
treatment. The other act as a control with no
treatment .

After
After2-3
2-3hours,
hours,ititcan
canbe
beseen
seenthat
thatthe
thehose
hosetransporting
transportingwater
watertreated
treated
by
bythe
theDescaler
Descaler remains
remainsvery
veryclear
clearwithout
withoutany
anyscale
scaledeposit.
deposit.
The
Thehose
hoseof
ofthe
thecontrol
controlhas
hassignificant
significantquantity
quantityof
ofhard
hardscale
scale
deposited
depositedalong
alongthe
thehose
hosewall.
wall.

Descaler

When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are

removed from water in the form of inert aragonite:
The water loses some of its alkalinity and
becomes undersaturated with calcite.
This makes the water capable to attack the old
scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it.

Before treatment month after 1

month after 3

The induced stream of

electrons transform trivalent
iron into divalent iron.
Rust particles are dislodged
and flushed out until a
protective film of saturated
ferrous oxide is formed
inside the pipe.

Alternating
Alternatingand
andpulsed
pulsedelectromagnetic
electromagneticfields
fields
have
havebeen
beenshown
shownto
toinhibit
inhibit bacterial
bacterialgrowth.
growth.
Moreover,
Moreover,ititis
isevident
evidentthat
thatscale
scaleis
isan
anoptimum
optimum
substrate
substratewhere
whereBacteria
Bacteria(e.g.
(e.g.sulfate
sulfatereducing
reducing
bacteria)
bacteria)live.
live.
Removing of scale using Descaler will
Removing of scale using Descaler will
provide
providean
anenvironment
environmentnot
notsuitable
suitablefor
forbacteria,
bacteria,
algae
algaeto
tolive.
live.

Water Molecular Structure

H2O molecules link up to
each other because of the
dipole nature of the
individual H2O molecules.
electromagnetic
fields
may
There is a trade-off
between
affect
the bonding
strength
the covalent
and hydrogen
bond
strengths;
the stronger
The
breakage
of bonds
may be
is to
the
HO
hydrogen
due
the
more
energeticbond,
the weaker
-H covalent
states
createdthe
by O
the
bond, and the fields
shorter the
electromagnetic
OO distance.

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

WHAT IS "WETTER WATER"

"Wetter Water" is the result of reduced
covalent hydrogen bonding between
adjacent water molecules.
The surface tension will be reduced and
separated water clusters may be formed.

It is more reactive
Enables soap and detergent to break up into
smaller groupings and interface with the
smaller H2O groupings.

Descaling Effect
Existing hard scale in pipelines/equipment
surfaces will disintegrate after weeks or months
of treatment with the Descaler.
Saving in energy consumption and regulating
heat exchange due to scale prevention and
removal.
Cleaner system resulting in lower bacteria level.

No
Nocorrosive
corrosivepipes
pipesanymore.
anymore.

Enhanced
Enhanced Bacteriological
Bacteriological Control
Control
Reduced
Reduced Scaling
Scaling
Enhanced
Enhanced Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer

COOLING
COOLINGTOWER
TOWERWATER
WATERCONDITIONING
CONDITIONING
Evaporation
Evaporationcooling
coolingtower
tower
Dissolved
Dissolveddeposits
depositsremoved
removed
from
fromthe
thecooling
coolingtower
tower
within
within44weeks
weeks
In
InEurope
Europethis
thisphysical
physicaltreatment
treatmenttechnique
techniqueisistoday
todayinstalled
installedinin
more
morethan
than3500
3500cooling
coolingtowers
towers. .
It
Ittakes
takesonly
only33to
to66months
monthsto
todissolve
dissolve22tons
tonsof
ofsolid
solidimpurities
impuritiesfrom
from
the
thecoiller
coillerininaacooling
coolingtower
towerafter
afterthe
theinstallation
installationof
ofthe
thechemical
chemicalfree
free

Descaler
Descalerphysical
physicalwater
watertreatment
treatment

No
Noexpensive
expensivechemical
chemicaladditives,
additives,
no
noenvironmentally
environmentallypollution
pollutionand
and
pay
payback
backtime
timeisisiningeneral
generalless
lessthan
than7-8
7-8months
months! !
Further
Furtherthe
thereduced
reducedwater
watersurface
surfacetension
tensionincreases
increasesdispersion
dispersionof
ofthe
the
water
waterdrops
drops. .Thus,
Thus,aabetter
betterheat
heatexchange
exchangeand
andcooling
coolingeffect
effect. .

No
Nomore
moreFouling
Fouling
Bacteriological
BacteriologicalAssistance
Assistance
Reduced
ReducedScaling
Scaling
Enhanced
EnhancedCleaning
Cleaning
Reduction
Reductionin
inChemical
ChemicalUsage
Usage

Reduced
Reduced Calcite
Calcite
Scaling
Scaling
Enhanced
Enhanced Thermal
Thermal
Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer
Fouling
Fouling Elimination
Elimination

Our
Our Children
Children Deserve
Deserve ItIt
A
A glass
glass of
of water
water with
with
No
No bacteria
bacteria
Less
Less Chlorine
Chlorine
No
No impurities
impurities

Even
Evendistilled
distilledwater
wateryou
youpurchase
purchasein
inplastic
plasticbottles
bottlesat
at
the
thestore
storewill
willeventually
eventuallyhave
havesome
somecarbon
carbondioxide
dioxide
(CO
(CO2)2)from
fromthe
theair
airdissolved
dissolvedin
inititforming
formingaaweak
weakacid
acid
(carbonic
(carbonicacid).
acid).
Ca
Caand
andMg
Mgare
areconsidered
consideredundesirable
undesirablecontaminants
contaminants
for
forforming
formingscales
scalesinside
insidewater
waterpipes
pipesregardless
regardlessof
ofthe
the
salinity
salinity
In
Inthe
theUSA
USAin
in1994-1995,
1994-1995,there
therewere
were3,641
3,641water
water
purification
purificationutilities
utilities in
inthe
theUS
USthat
thatreported
reportedviolating
violating
the
thefederal
federalhealth
healthstandards
standardsfor
forfecal
fecalbacteria
bacteria
contamination.
contamination.

The
The "Wetter
"Wetter Water"
Water" penetrates
penetrates soil
soil
better
better and
and faster.
faster.
Salt
Salt and
and scale-dissolving
scale-dissolving properties
properties
of
of treated
treated water
water increase
increase its
its ability
abilityfor
for
leaching
leaching away
awayexcess
excess salinity
salinity
accumulated
accumulated in
in the
the soil.
soil.

Healthier
Healthier and
and
Stronger
Stronger Plants
Plants
Grow
Grow Faster
Faster without
without
Genetic
Genetic Modification
Modification

Concrete
Concrete and
and Cement
Cement Manufacture
Manufacture
Up
Up to
to 18%
18%Stronger
Stronger Concrete
Concrete
Less
Less Water
Water Required
Required
Increase
Increasethe
theconsistence
consistencevolume
volumeby
by33to
to66cm.
cm.
Reduce
Reducethe
thewater
waterconsumtion
consumtionand
andcement
cementvolume.
volume.
Less
Lessadditives
additivesrequired.
required.

The
Thewater
wateroverall
overallatatthe
thepool
poolhas
hasimproved
improved
Scum
Scumdeposits
depositsare
areremoved
removedfrom
fromaround
aroundthe
thepool
pooledge.
edge.
Steel
Steelfittings
fittingsreturn
returnto
totheir
theirformer
formerpristine
pristinecondition.
condition.
Lime
Limescale
scaleisisremoved
removedfrom
fromwithin
withinthe
theswimming
swimmingpool
poolplant.
plant.
Stabilizers
Stabilizersare
areno
nolonger
longerrequired
requiredto
tocorrect
correctthe
thepH
pHbalance.
balance.
Less
Lesschlorine
chlorineusage
usage
The
Theshower
showerheads
headswere
werecleaned
cleaned

Sheraton
SheratonHotel
Hoteland
andTowers
Towersin
inRiyadh
Riyadh
Three
Threedifferent
differentareas
areasof
ofthe
theSheraton
SheratonHotel
Hotelwere
werefitted
fittedwith
withanti-scale
anti-scale
units,
units,These
Thesewere:were:the
themain
mainwater
watersupply
supplyto
tothe
theGuest
Guestrooms,
rooms,Kitchens,
Kitchens,Laundry
Laundryand
andother
other
Service
Serviceareas
areas
the
theSwimming
SwimmingPool
Pooland
and
the
Calorifier
room
the Calorifier room

The
Themanufacturers
manufacturersof
ofthe
thehumidifiers,
humidifiers,Anstan
Anstan
Technologies,
Technologies,South
SouthAfrica,
Africa,have
haverecommended
recommendedthe
the
use
useof
ofAquaVantage
AquaVantage as
asaaretro-fit
retro-fitto
toall
alltheir
theirexisting
existing
5000+
5000+customers
customersand
andhave
havespecified
specifiedAquaVantage
AquaVantage as
as
aasupplied
suppliedoption
optionto
totheir
theirunits.
units.

Photo after one week

Photo after two weeks

Photo after three weeks

NEW SCALE ELIMINATED AND EXISTING SCALE REMOVED

Remove
Removescale
scalefrom
frompipe
pipework
work
Remove
Removescale
scalefrom
fromcalorifiers
calorifiers
Reduce
Reducethe
thescale
scalein
indesalinization
desalinizationequipment
equipment
Help
Helpmaintain
maintainaaconstant
constantwater
waterpressure
pressure
Increase
Increasethe
thelife
lifeof
ofcapital
capitalequipment
equipment
Reduce
Reducescale
scalein
inwater-fed
water-fedgalley
galleyequipment
equipment
Reduce
Reducelime
limescale
scalebuild-up
build-upfrom
fromaround
aroundbaths,
baths,basins
basins&&sinks
sinks
Combat
Combatscale
scalebuild-up
build-upin
inshower
showerheads
heads
Reduce
Reducemaintenance
maintenanceof
ofseawater
seawatercooled
cooleddiesel
dieselengines
engines
Reduce
Reducecleaning
cleaningcosts,
costs,chemicals
chemicals&&labor
labor
Provide
Provideaashort
shortterm
termpayback
payback