Overview of Radio

Resource Management

PT Nexwave Indonesia

Recruitment and Development Team @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for optimal utilization of the air
interface resources

Target for RRM is to ensure the RAN offers:

The planned coverage for each targeted service

High capacity i.e. low blocking (new calls, handovers)
The required Quality of Service (QoS)
Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)

by continuously monitoring/adjusting how the available resources are used in

accordance with user requests

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Radio Resource Management

RRM Tasks

RRM must be able to :

Predict the impact on interference (power) of the admitting a new user for UL & DL

Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call admissions, bitrate increase/decrease etc.) in
accordance with prevailing load conditions

Provide different quality of service for real time (RT) and non-real time (NRT) users

Take appropriate corrective action when the different cell load thresholds are exceeded in
order to maintain cell stability (i.e. load control);

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Radio Resource Management

RRM Functionalities

RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e. algorithms)

These functions can be divided into:

Cell Based

Load control (LC)

Admission control (AC)
Packet scheduling (PS)
Resource manager (RM)

Connection Based
Handover control (HC)
Power control (PC)

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Load Control

Load Control (LC)

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Load Control

Load Control States

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Load Control

Load Control Functional

Overview

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Load Control

Load Estimation Methods

Throughput Estimation Method

DL = load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the downlink
allocated bit rates as follows

UL = load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the load factors
of the users connected to this cell.

Power Estimation Method

DL = The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by dividing the total
downlink transmission power by the maximum Node B transmission power

UL = The uplink load can be estimated with the background and receiver
noise and the total received power

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Load Control

Radio Interface Load

The BTS measures the total received power (Downlink) and the total
transmitted power (Uplink) on cell basis

The BTS reports Downlink and Uplink of each cell to the RNC by sending
RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION message periodically

LC updates cell load status for each cell based on RADIO RESOURCE
INDICATION

LC updates non-controllable UL and DL load in cell

AC and PS algorithms work on the current cell load status provided by LC

Denying call admission (AC) and throttling back NRT traffic (PS) are the
overload actions

After scheduling PS provides LC with UL NRT, DL NRT estimates

After admitting RT RAB, AC provides LC with NC load increase estimate

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

AdmissionControl

Admission Control (AC)

Responsible for maximize capacity whilst maintaining stability.

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or
quality of existing connections
Determines whether RABs can be admitted to the RAN

Admission Control handles these main tasks :

a. Admission decision of new connections:
RT, NRT, RRC connection
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection
Real-Time higher priority than Non-Real Time
In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
b. Definitions of RB configuration (Connection QoS definition)
c. Outer loop power control configuration
d. RL power allocation
Initial, minimum and maximum transmission power

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

AdmissionControl

Admission Control

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AdmissionControl

Connection Admission Control CAC

The RNC applies CAC on Iu-CS, Iu-PS, Iur and Iub, and the BTS applies CAC on Iub
in order to ensure that there are enough transport resources to handle a newly
requested call with the required QoS.

CAC estimates the resource usage of the Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs)
based on estimated activity
SRBs are active only part of the time and thus do not consume the allocated
bit rate all the time

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Packet Scheduler

Packet Scheduler (PS)

The packet scheduler takes care of scheduling radio resources for non-real time
radio bearers for both the uplink and the downlink directions

Packet access is implemented for dedicated (DCH) as well as common control

transport channels (RACH/FACH)
Packet access is implemented for high speed downlink shared channel (HSDSCH) in the case of HSDPA

The packet scheduler and the medium access control (MAC) layer together make the
decision regarding which type of channel to use in the downlink direction
power
Overload threshold
Target threshold

Total Load
controllable load
non-controllable load
Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

time

Packet Scheduler

Packet Scheduler as part of RRM

The packet scheduler (PS) co-operates with other radio resource management functions like
handover control (HC), load control (LC), admission control (AC) and the resource manager
(RM)
HC provides active set information
LC provides periodical load information to PS on a cell basis
PS informs AC and LC of the load caused by non-real time radio bearers
AC informs PS when new non-real time radio bearers are admitted, reconfigured or released
RM allocates the RNC internal resources, downlink spreading codes and takes care of
allocating radio links using the base station application protocol (NBAP)
RM also takes care of transport resource reservation for non-real time radio bearers using
transport resource manager (TRM) services. RM actions are done when requested by the PS
The radio resource control (RRC) protocol takes care of L3 signalling between the RNC and
the UE
The L3 RRC signalling needed by the PS includes uplink capacity requests and channel
allocation procedures in both directions (uplink and downlink)
The medium access control (MAC) protocol produces radio bearer-specific downlink capacity
requests to the PS according to the radio link control (RLC) buffer levels in the RNC
MAC also sends activity and inactivity indications on an RB basis.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Packet Scheduler

Packet Scheduler actions during call

Unloaded cell

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Packet Scheduler

Packet Scheduler actions during call

Loaded cell

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CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Resource Manager

Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates;
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type

Uplink

Downlink

Scrambling
User separation
Cell separation
codes
Users
Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same
UE within one cell

Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

Initial code selection codes concentrated to same branch
Code re-fragmentation dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave system

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Resource Manager

Resource Manager Functions

The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of BS according to the

channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection
The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with AC and PS
The actual input for resource allocation comes from AC/PS and RM informs the PS
about the resource situation
The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft
handover and defragmentation of code tree
Manages the BS logical resources
BS reports the available logical HW resources
Requests for other resources such as ATM
Transport resource manager
RNC HW manager (L1/L2)
Maintains the code tree
Allocates the DL spreading (=channelization) codes, UL scrambling code, UL
spreading (=channelization) code type
Prevents fragmentation, may cause extra HO's

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Resource Manager

Resource Manager Functions

Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and spreading code

separates connections
Uplink: Scrambling code separates the MS's
All physical channels are spread with individual spreading codes, Cm(n) and
subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
RM generates DL spreading codes

user data

widespread data
spreadingscrambling
code
code

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Resource Manager

Spreading Code Allocation

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Resource Manager

Downlink Code Allocation

HSDPA with 5 codes allocated at cell MAC-hs start-up when HSDPA is enabled
166 codes @ SF=256 available for the associated DCHs and non-HSDPA uses

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Resource Manager

Downlink Code Allocation Common

Channels

Pilot (P-CPICH) and BCCH (P-CCPCH) need a fixed code allocation

P-CPICH (Common Pilot Indicator Channel) : CH256,0
P-CCPCH (Common Control Physical Channel) : CH256,1
AICH and PICH codes in Nokia RAN
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel): CH256,2
PICH (Paging Indication Channel): CH256,3
S-CCPCH code allocation depends on number of active S-CCPCH in Nokia RAN
With 1 S-CCPCH: CH64,1

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Power Control (PC)

The basic idea of power control is :

To guarantee the service quality of the receiver.
By adjusting the transmission power.

The Basic Idea:

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Power Control
Since WCDMA system is interference limited, it is beneficial to reduce transmission
power as far as possible.
Thus, the target of power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) that is required to offer sufficient quality of the connection.
PC works on a per-connection basis.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

The usage of Power Control

Maintain link quality in uplink and downlink by adjusting powers

Mitigate the near effect by providing minimum required power level for each
connection
Provide protection against shadowing and fast fading
Minimize interference in the network , thus improve capacity & quality

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Power Control types

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Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

Open Loop Power control during the call setup

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

UL = The Uplink open loop power control function is located both

in terminal and in the UTRAN. This function requires some control
parameters being broadcast in the cell & RSCP by terminal.
Terminal will sets the initial powers for the first PRACH preamble &
initial power for uplink DPCCH before starting inner loop power
control
DL = Open loop power control is used to set initial power of the
downlink channels based on the downlink measurement reports
from UE. function is located both in UE and in the UTRAN.
where Primary CPICH DL TX power , UL interference and the
constant value are broadcasted in the System Information,
and CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE
To setting and tune open loop power control can use PRACH power
parameter

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

The Inner Loop Power Control

(Inner) Close loop power control

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Power Control

The Inner Loop Power Control

(Inner) Close loop power control

TPC Command Settings:

A key feature of its functionality is the generation of Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands in
each PC cycle based on the measurement of received signal on UL channel, and ability to transmit
these commands to UE in the next timeslot on DL DPCCH.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

The Inner Loop Power Control

(Inner) Close loop power control

MS

BS
UL DPCCH

UL fast closed loop PC shall be active

as soon as the frame synchronization
has been established in the dedicated
physical channels.
PC frequency 1500 Hz
PC step 1dB

Measure received SIR on UL DPCCH Pilot

Compare measured SIR with

SIR target value received from
UL outer loop PC

Measured SIR < SIR target --> TPC bit = '1'

Measured SIR => SIR target --> TPC bit = '0'

Send TPC bit on DL DPCCH

MS sets the power on UL DPCCH
and UL DPDCH on following way:
TPC = '1' --> increase power by 1 dB
TPC = '0' --> decrease power by 1 dB

Changed power on UL DPCCH

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

The Inner Loop Power Control

(Inner) Close loop power control Summary:
Based on the comparison between received SIR and the
target SIR,
The receiver command the transmitter to increase or
decrease the transmitting power.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

The Mapping between BLER and SIR is time-varied, is not fixed.

When propagation environment changed, the mapping will changed.

BLER-SIR mapping: As channel condition changing, the required SIR (target) is

changing slowly.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

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Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

Summary:

Outer Loop Power Control

Based on the comparison between measured BLER and the target
BLER,
To set the target SIR for the ILPC.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

CONTENT
Radio Resource Management:

Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Handover Control

Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE move around
network
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Handover Control

Handover Types

Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer Handover

Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS)

No extra transmissions across Iub interface

Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL

Soft Handover

MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs)

Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared to non-SHO)

Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)

DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining

Hard Handover

Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion)

Decision procedure is the same as SHO (MEHO and RNC controlled)

Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user

Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC

Inter-RAT Handover

Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Handover Control

Soft / Softer Handover

UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover.

Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and handover thresholds
set by radio network planning parameters.

Radio link performance is improved during soft handover.

Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Handover Control

Hard Handover

Hard handovers are typically performed :

between WCDMA frequencies
between WCDMA and GSM cells

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013