CH 13 Lecture Presentation

PowerPoint Lecture
Presentations prepared by
Bradley W. Christian,
McLennan Community
College
C H AP T E R
13
Viruses,
Viroids, and
Prions
2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
General Characteristics of Viruses

Learning Objective
13-1 Differentiate a virus from a bacterium.
General Characteristics of Viruses

Obligatory intracellular parasites
Require living host cells to multiply
Contain DNA or RNA

Contain a protein coat
No ribosomes
No ATP-generating mechanism
Table 13.1 Viruses and Bacteria Compared
Host Range
The spectrum of host cells a virus can infect
Most viruses infect only specific types of cells
in one host
Determined by specific host attachment sites and
cellular factors
Bacteriophagesviruses that infect bacteria

Range from 20 nm to 1000 nm in length
Figure 13.1 Virus sizes.
Bacteriophage M13
800 10 nm
970 nm
Bacteriophages f2, MS2
24 nm
Ebola virus
Poliovirus
30 nm
Rhinovirus
30 nm
Adenovirus
90 nm
Rabies virus
170 70 nm
Prion
200 20 nm
Bacteriophage T4
225 nm
Tobacco mosaic virus
250 18 nm
Viroid
300 10 nm
Vaccinia virus
300 200 100 nm
300 nm Chlamydia bacterium

elementary body
E. coli bacterium
3000 1000 nm
Human red blood cell
10,000 nm in diameter
Plasma membrane
of red blood cell
10 nm thick
Check Your Understanding

How could the small size of viruses have helped
researchers detect viruses before the invention of
the electron microscope?
13-1
Viral Structure
Learning Objective
13-2 Describe the chemical and physical structure
of both an enveloped and a nonenveloped
virus.
Viral Structure
Virioncomplete, fully developed viral particle
Nucleic acidDNA or RNA can be single- or doublestranded; linear or circular
Capsidprotein coat made of capsomeres (subunits)
Envelopelipid, protein, and carbohydrate coating on
some viruses
Spikesprojections from outer surface
Figure 13.2 Morphology of a nonenveloped polyhedral virus.
Nucleic acid
Capsomere
Capsid
Figure 13.3 Morphology of an enveloped helical virus.
Nucleic acid
Capsomere
Spikes
Envelope
General Morphology
Helical viruseshollow, cylindrical capsid

Polyhedral virusesmany-sided
Enveloped viruses
Complex virusescomplicated structures
Figure 13.4 Morphology of a helical virus.
Nucleic acid
Capsomere
Capsid
Figure 13.5 Morphology of complex viruses.

65 nm
Capsid (head)
DNA
Sheath
Tail fiber
Pin
Baseplate
A T-even bacteriophage
Orthopoxvirus

Diagram a nonenveloped polyhedral virus that has
spikes.
13-2
Taxonomy of Viruses
Learning Objectives
13-3 Define viral species.
13-4 Give an example of a family, genus, and
common name for a virus.
Taxonomy of Viruses
Genus names end in -virus

Family names end in -viridae
Order names end in -ales
Viral species: a group of viruses sharing the
same genetic information and ecological niche
(host)
Descriptive common names are used for species
Subspecies are designated by a number

How does a virus species differ from a bacterial
species?
13-3
Attach the proper endings to Papilloma- to show
the family and genus that includes HPV, the cause
of cervical cancer.
13-4
Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of

Viruses
Learning Objectives
13-5 Describe how bacteriophages are cultured.
13-6 Describe how animal viruses are cultured.
13-7 List three techniques used to identify viruses.
Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory

Viruses must be grown in living cells
Bacteriophages are grown in bacteria
Bacteriophages form plaques, which are clearings on a
lawn of bacteria on the surface of agar
Each plaque corresponds to a single virus; can be
expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU)
Figure 13.6 Viral plaques formed by bacteriophages.
Plaques
Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

In living animals
In embryonated eggs
Virus injected into the egg
Viral growth is signaled by changes or death of the
embryo
Figure 13.7 Inoculation of an embryonated egg.
Shell
Amniotic
cavity
Chorioallantoic
membrane
Air
sac
Chorioallantoic
membrane
inoculation
Amniotic
inoculation
Yolk
sac
Allantoic
inoculation
Shell
membrane
Albumin
Allantoic
cavity
Yolk sac
inoculation
Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

In cell cultures
Tissues are treated with enzymes to separate cells
Virally infected cells are detected via their deterioration,
known as the cytopathic effect (CPE)
Continuous cell lines are used
Figure 13.8 Cell cultures.
Normal
cells
A tissue is treated with enzymes

to separate the cells.
Cells are suspended

in culture medium.
Transformed
cells
Normal cells or primary cells grow in a monolayer across

the glass or plastic container. Transformed cells or
continuous cell cultures do not grow in a monolayer.
Figure 13.9 The cytopathic effect of viruses.
Viral Identification
Cytopathic effects
Serological tests
Western blottingreaction of the virus with antibodies
Nucleic acids
RFLPs
PCR

What is the plaque method?
13-5
Why are continuous cell lines of more practical
use than primary cell lines for culturing viruses?
13-6
What tests could you use to identify influenza
virus in a patient?
13-7
Viral Multiplication
Learning Objectives
13-8 Describe the lytic cycle of T-even
bacteriophages.
13-9 Describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage
lambda.
13-10 Compare and contrast the multiplication cycle
of DNA- and RNA-containing animal viruses.
Viral Multiplication
For a virus to multiply:
It must invade a host cell
It must take over the host's metabolic machinery
One-step growth curve
Figure 13.10 A viral one-step growth curve.
Multiplication of Bacteriophages
Lytic cycle
Phage causes lysis and death of the host cell
Lysogenic cycle
Phage DNA is incorporated in the host DNA
Phage conversion
Specialized transduction
Viral Replication: Virulent Bacteriophages
PLAY
Animation: Viral Replication: Virulent

Bacteriophages
Viral Replication: Temperate Bacteriophages
PLAY
Animation: Viral Replication: Temperate

Bacteriophages
T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle

Attachment: phage attaches by the tail fibers to
the host cell
Penetration: phage lysozyme opens the cell wall;
tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA
into the cell
Biosynthesis: production of phage DNA and
proteins
Maturation: assembly of phage particles
Release: phage lysozyme breaks the cell wall
Figure 13.11 The lytic cycle of a T-even bacteriophage.

Bacterial Bacterial
cell wall chromosome
Capsid
DNA
Capsid (head)
Sheath
Attachment: Phage attaches

to host cell.
Tail fiber
Baseplate
Tail
Pin
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Penetration: Phage penetrates
host cell and injects its DNA.
Sheath contracted
Tail core
Biosynthesis: Phage DNA directs

synthesis of viral components by the
host cell.
Tail
DNA
Maturation: Viral components are

assembled into virions.
Capsid
Release: Host cell lyses, and new

virions are released.
Tail fibers
Bacteriophage Lambda (): The Lysogenic

Cycle
Lysogeny: phage remains latent
Phage DNA incorporates into host cell DNA
Inserted phage DNA is known as a prophage
When the host cell replicates its chromosome, it also
replicates prophage DNA
Results in phage conversionthe host cell exhibits
new properties
Figure 13.12 The lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage in E. coli.
Occasionally, the prophage may

excise from the bacterial chromosome
by another recombination event,
initiating a lytic cycle.
Phage attaches
to host cell and
injects DNA.
Phage DNA
(double-stranded)
Bacterial
chromosome
Many cell
divisions
Lytic
cycle
Cell lyses, releasing
phage virions.
Lysogenic
cycle
Phage DNA circularizes and enters
lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle.
OR
New phage DNA and

proteins are synthesized
and assembled into virions.
Lysogenic bacterium
reproduces normally.
Prophage
Phage DNA integrates within the

bacterial chromosome by recombination,
becoming a prophage.
Bacteriophage Lambda (): The Lysogenic

Cycle
Specialized transduction
Specific bacterial genes transferred to another
bacterium via a phage
Changes genetic properties of the bacteria
Figure 13.13 Specialized transduction.

Prophage
gal gene
Bacterial
DNA
Prophage exists in
galactose-using host
(containing the gal gene).
Galactosepositive
donor cell
gal gene
Phage genome excises,
carrying with it the adjacent gal
gene from the host.
gal gene
Phage matures and cell lyses,

releasing phage carrying gal
gene.
Phage infects a cell that cannot

utilize galactose (lacking gal
gene).
Galactosenegative
recipient cell
Along with the prophage, the
bacterial gal gene becomes
integrated into the new host's
DNA.
Lysogenic cell can now

metabolize galactose.
Galactose-positive
recombinant cell
Transduction: Generalized Transduction
PLAY
Animation: Transduction: Generalized

Transduction
Transduction: Specialized Transduction
PLAY
Animation: Transduction: Specialized

Transduction

How do bacteriophages get nucleotides and
amino acids if they don't have any metabolic
enzymes?
13-8
Vibrio cholerae produces toxin and is capable of
causing cholera only when it is lysogenic. What
does this mean?
13-9
Table 13.3 Bacteriophage and Animal Viral Multiplication Compared
Multiplication of Animal Viruses
Attachment: viruses attach to the cell membrane

Entry by receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion
Uncoating by viral or host enzymes
Biosynthesis: production of nucleic acid and
proteins
Maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins
assemble
Release by budding (enveloped viruses) or
rupture
Figure 13.14 The entry of viruses into host cells.
Host plasma membrane

proteins at site of
receptor-mediated
endocytosis
Entry of pig retrovirus by

receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Fusion of viral envelope

and plasma membrane
Entry of herpesvirus by fusion.
Figure 13.20 Budding of an enveloped virus.

Viral capsid
Host cell plasma membrane
Viral protein
Bud
Bud
Envelope
Release by budding
Lentivirus
Viral Replication: Overview
PLAY
Animation: Viral Replication: Overview
Viral Replication: Animal Viruses
PLAY
Animation: Viral Replication: Animal

Viruses
The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses

DNA viruses replicate their DNA in the nucleus of
the host using viral enzymes
Synthesize capsid in the cytoplasm using host cell
enzymes
Figure 13.15 Replication of a DNA-Containing Animal Virus.

Papovavirus
RELEASE
Virions are
released.
ATTACHMENT
Virion attaches
to host cell.
A papovavirus is a typical
DNA-containing virus that
attacks animal cells.
DNA
Host cell
Capsid
MATURATION
Virions
mature.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Capsid proteins
Viral DNA
BIOSYNTHESIS
Viral DNA is replicated,
and some viral proteins
are made.
Capsid
proteins
mRNA
Late translation;
capsid proteins are
synthesized.
KEY CONCEPTS
Viral replication in animals generally follows these steps: attachment, entry,
uncoating, biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, maturation, and release.
Knowledge of viral replication phases is important for drug development strategies,
and for understanding disease pathology.
ENTRY and
UNCOATING
Virion enters cell, and
its DNA is uncoated.
A portion of viral DNA is

transcribed, producing
mRNA that encodes
"early" viral proteins.

Adenoviridae
Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped
Respiratory infections in humans
Tumors in animals
Figure 13.16a DNA-containing animal viruses.
Capsomere
Mastadenovirus

Poxviridae
Double-stranded DNA, enveloped
Cause skin lesions
Vaccinia and smallpox viruses (Orthopoxvirus)

Herpesviridae
HHV-1 and HHV-2Simplexvirus; cause cold sores

HHV-3Varicellovirus; causes chickenpox
HHV-4Lymphocryptovirus; causes mononucleosis
HHV-5Cytomegalovirus
HHV-6 and HHV-7Roseolovirus
HHV-8Rhadinovirus; causes Kaposi's sarcoma
Figure 13.16b DNA-containing animal viruses.
Capsomeres
Simplexvirus

Papovaviridae
Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped
Papillomavirus
Causes warts
Can transform cells and cause cancer

Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B virus
Use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses

Virus multiplies in the host cell's cytoplasm using
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
ssRNA; + (sense) strand
Viral RNA serves as mRNA for protein synthesis
ssRNA; (antisense) strand

Viral RNA is transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA
for protein synthesis
dsRNAdouble-stranded RNA
Figure 13.17a Pathways of multiplication used by various RNA-containing viruses.
Attachment
Capsid
RNA
Translation and synthesis

of viral proteins
strand is transcribed
from + viral genome.
Capsid
protein
+ or sense
strand of
viral genome
ds = double-stranded
Cytoplasm
RNA replication by viral RNA

dependent RNA polymerase
KEY
ss = single-stranded
Host cell
Entry
and uncoating
Maturation
and release
or antisense
strand of
viral genome
Nucleus
+ strand
mRNA is transcribed
from the strand.
Uncoating releases
viral RNA and proteins.
Viral
genome
(RNA)
ssRNA;
+ or sense strand;
Picornaviridae
Viral
protein
Figure 13.17b Pathways of multiplication used by various RNA-containing viruses.
Attachment
Capsid
RNA

of viral proteins
Capsid
protein
KEY

The + strand (mRNA) must first be
transcribed from the viral genome
before proteins can be synthesized.
+ or sense
strand of
viral genome
or antisense
strand of
viral genome
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and uncoating
Maturation
and release
Nucleus
strands are
incorporated
into capsid
Additional strands are

transcribed from mRNA.
Uncoating releases
Viral
genome
(RNA)
ssRNA; or
antisense strand;
Rhabdoviridae
Viral
protein
Figure 13.17c Pathways of multiplication used by various RNA-containing viruses.
Attachment
Capsid
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and uncoating
Maturation
and release
of viral proteins
KEY
Nucleus

RNA polymerase initiates production of

strands. The mRNA and strands form the
dsRNA that is incorporated as new viral genome.
+ or sense
strand of
viral genome
mRNA is produced inside the

capsid and released into the
cytoplasm of the host.
Uncoating releases
Viral
genome
(RNA)
Viral
protein
or antisense
strand of
viral genome
Capsid proteins and RNAdependent RNA polymerase
dsRNA; + or sense
strand with or antisense
strand; Reoviridae

Picornaviridae
Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped
Enterovirus
Poliovirus and coxsackievirus
Rhinovirus
Common cold
Hepatitis A virus

Togaviridae
Single-stranded RNA, + strand, enveloped
Alphavirus
Transmitted by arthropods; includes chikungunya
Rubivirus
Rubella

Rhabdoviridae
Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand
Lyssavirus
Rabies
Numerous animal diseases

Reoviridae
Double-stranded RNA, nonenveloped
Reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan)
Rotavirus (mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis)
Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses That Use DNA

Single-stranded RNA, produce DNA
Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the
viral genome
Viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome as a
provirus
Retroviridae
Lentivirus (HIV)
Oncoviruses
Figure 13.19 Multiplication and inheritance processes of the Retroviridae.

Reverse
transcriptase
Capsid
Envelope
Virus
Two identical +
strands of RNA
Host cell
Mature retrovirus
leaves the host cell,
acquiring an
envelope and
attachment spikes
as it buds out.
Retrovirus enters by fusion

between attachment spikes
and the host cell receptors.
DNA of one
of the host cell's
chromosomes
Viral
enzymes
Uncoating releases the two

viral RNA strands and the
viral enzymes reverse
transcriptase, integrase,
and protease.
Viral DNA
Viral RNA
Reverse transcriptase
copies viral RNA to
produce doublestranded DNA.
Viral proteins are processed

by viral protease; some of the
viral proteins are moved
to the host plasma membrane.
Provirus
Viral
proteins
Identical strands
of RNA
RNA
Transcription of the provirus

may also occur, producing
RNA for new retrovirus
genomes and RNA that
encodes the retrovirus
capsid, enzymes, and
envelope proteins.
The new viral DNA

is transported into
the host cell's nucleus,
where it's integrated into
a host cell chromosome
as a provirus by viral
integrase. The provirus
may be replicated when
the host cell replicates.
Table 13.2 Families of Viruses That Affect Humans (1 of 4)

Describe the principal events of attachment, entry,
uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release
of an enveloped DNA-containing virus.
13-10
Viruses and Cancer

Learning Objectives
13-11 Define oncogene and transformed cell.
13-12 Discuss the relationship between DNA- and
RNA-containing viruses and cancer.
Viruses and Cancer

Several types of cancer are caused by viruses
May develop long after a viral infection
Cancers caused by viruses are not contagious
Sarcoma: cancer of connective tissue

Adenocarcinomas: cancers of glandular
epithelial tissue
The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor

Cells
Oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous
cells
Oncogenic viruses become integrated into the
host cell's DNA and induce tumors
A transformed cell harbors a tumor-specific
transplant antigen (TSTA) on the surface and a
T antigen in the nucleus
DNA Oncogenic Viruses

Adenoviridae
Herpesviridae
Epstein-Barr virus
Poxviridae
Papovaviridae
Human papillomavirus
Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B virus
RNA Oncogenic Viruses

Retroviridae
Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA (using reverse
transcriptase), which can integrate into host DNA
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 cause adult T cell leukemia and
lymphoma

What is a provirus?
13-11
How can an RNA virus cause cancer if it doesn't
have DNA to insert into a cell's genome?
13-12
Latent Viral Infections and Persistent Viral

Infections
Learning Objectives
13-13 Provide an example of a latent viral infection.
13-14 Differentiate persistent viral infections from
latent viral infections.
Latent Viral Infections and Persistent Viral

Infections
Latent virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for
long periods
May reactivate due to changes in immunity
Cold sores, shingles
A persistent viral infection occurs gradually over

a long period; is generally fatal
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles virus)
Figure 13.21 Latent and persistent viral infections.
Acute infection
Latent infection
Persistent infection
Table 13.5 Examples of Latent and Persistent Viral Infections in Humans

Is shingles a persistent or latent infection?
13-13, 13-14
Prions
Learning Objective
13-15 Discuss how a protein can be infectious.
Prions
Proteinaceous infectious particles
Inherited and transmissible by ingestion,
transplant, and surgical instruments
Spongiform encephalopathies
"Mad cow disease"

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker syndrome
Fatal familial insomnia
Sheep scrapie
Prions
PrPC: normal cellular prion protein, on the cell
surface
PrPSc: scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells,
forming plaques
Prions: Overview
PLAY
Animation: Prions: Overview
Prions: Characteristics
PLAY
Animation: Prions: Characteristics
Prions: Diseases
PLAY
Animation: Prions: Diseases
Figure 13.22 How a protein can be infectious.
PrPSc
PrPc
PrPc produced by cells

is secreted to the cell
surface.
PrPSc may be acquired or

produced by an
altered PrPc gene.
PrPSc reacts with PrPc

on the cell surface.
PrPSc converts the PrPc

to PrPSc.
Lysosome
Endosome
The new PrP converts
more PrPc.
Sc
The new PrP is taken

in, possibly by receptormediated endocytosis.
Sc
PrPSc accumulates in
endosomes.
PrPSc continues to accumulate

as the endosome contents are
transferred to lysosomes.
The result is cell death.
Plant Viruses and Viroids

Learning Objectives
13-16 Differentiate virus, viroid, and prion.
13-17 Describe the lytic cycle for a plant virus.
Plant Viruses and Viroids

Plant viruses: enter through wounds or via
insects
Plant cells are generally protected from disease by an
impermeable cell wall
Viroids: short pieces of naked RNA

Cause potato spindle tuber disease
Figure 13.23 Linear and circular potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV).
PSTV
Table 13.6 Classification of Some Major Plant Viruses

Contrast viroids and prions, and for each name a
disease it causes.
13-15, 13-16
How do plant viruses enter host cells?
13-17

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General Characteristics of Viruses

2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

General Characteristics of Viruses

Contain DNA or RNA

2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Table 13.1 Viruses and Bacteria Compared

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Bacteriophagesviruses that infect bacteria

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Figure 13.1 Virus sizes.

Bacteriophages f2, MS2

Tobacco mosaic virus

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300 200 100 nm

300 nm Chlamydia bacterium

Check Your Understanding

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2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 13.2 Morphology of a nonenveloped polyhedral virus.

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Figure 13.3 Morphology of an enveloped helical virus.

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Helical viruseshollow, cylindrical capsid

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Figure 13.4 Morphology of a helical virus.

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Figure 13.5 Morphology of complex viruses.

Check Your Understanding

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2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Genus names end in -virus

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Check Your Understanding

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Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of

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Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory

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Figure 13.6 Viral plaques formed by bacteriophages.

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Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

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Figure 13.7 Inoculation of an embryonated egg.

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Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 13.8 Cell cultures.

A tissue is treated with enzymes

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Cells are suspended

Normal cells or primary cells grow in a monolayer across

Figure 13.9 The cytopathic effect of viruses.

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2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Check Your Understanding

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2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

One-step growth curve

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Figure 13.10 A viral one-step growth curve.