22
The Government
and Fiscal Policy
Prepared by:
2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair
The Government
and Fiscal Policy
Yd Y T
22
Chapter Outline
Government in the Economy
Government Purchases (G), Net Taxes (T), and
Disposable income (Yd)
Equilibrium Output: Y = C + I + G
Fiscal Policy at Work: Multiplier Effects
The Government Spending Multiplier
The Tax Multiplier
The Balanced-Budget Multiplier
The Federal Budget
The Budget
The Surplus or Deficit
The Debt
The Economys Influence on the Government
Budget
Tax Revenues Depend on the State of the Economy
Some Government Expenditures Depend on the
State of the Economy
Automatic Stabilizers
Fiscal Drag
Full-Employment Budget
Looking Ahead
Appendix A: Deriving the Fiscal Policy Multipliers
Appendix B: The Case in Which Tax Revenues
Depend on Income
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FIGURE 9.1 Adding Net Taxes (T) and Government Purchases (G) to the
Circular Flow of Income
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C = a + bYd
or
C = a + b(Y T)
Our consumption function now has consumption
depending on disposable income instead of beforetax income.
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Investment
The government can affect investment behavior
through its tax treatment of depreciation and other
tax policies.
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equilibrium condition: Y = C + I + G
(2)
(3)
(4)
OUTPUT
(INCOME)
Y
NET
TAXES
T
DISPOSABLE
INCOME
Yd Y T
CONSUMPTION
SPENDING
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
PLANNED
PLANNED
UNPLANNED
SAVING INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT AGGREGATE INVENTORY
ADJUSTMENT
S
SPENDING PURCHASES EXPENDITURE
CHANGE
TO
(Yd C)
I
G
C+I+G
Y (C + I + G) DISEQUILIBRIUM
300
100
200
250
50
100
100
450
150
Output
500
100
400
400
100
100
600
100
Output
700
100
600
550
50
100
100
750
50
Output
900
1,100
100
100
800
1,000
700
850
100
150
100
100
100
100
900
1,050
0
+ 50
Equilibrium
Output
1,300
100
1,200
1,000
200
100
100
1,200
+ 100
Output
1,500
100
1,400
1,150
250
100
100
1,350
+ 150
Output
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OUTPUT
(INCOME)
Y
(2)
(3)
(4)
NET
DISPOSABLE CONSUMPTION
TAXES
INCOME
SPENDING
T
Yd Y T
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
(5)
SAVING
S
(Yd C)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
PLANNED
PLANNED
UNPLANNED
INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT AGGREGATE INVENTORY
ADJUSTMENT
SPENDING
PURCHASES EXPENDITURE
CHANGE
TO
I
G
C+I+G
Y (C + I + G) DISEQUILIBRIUM
300
100
200
250
50
100
150
500
200
Output
500
100
400
400
100
150
650
150
Output
700
100
600
550
50
100
150
800
100
Output
900
100
800
700
100
100
150
950
50
Output
1,100
100
1,000
850
150
100
150
1,100
1,300
100
1,200
1,000
200
100
150
1,250
+ 50
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Equilibrium
Output
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
OUTPUT
(INCOME)
Y
NET
TAXES
T
DISPOSABLE
INCOME
Yd Y T
CONSUMPTION
SPENDING
(C = 100 + .75 Yd)
PLANNED
AGGREGATE
EXPENDITURE
C+I+G
UNPLANNED
INVENTORY
CHANGE
Y (C + I + G)
ADJUSTMENT
TO
DISEQUILIBRIUM
500
300
200
250
100
300
650
150
Output
700
300
400
400
100
300
800
100
Output
900
300
600
550
100
300
950
50
Output
1,100
300
800
700
100
300
1,100
1,300
300
1,000
850
100
300
1,250
+ 50
Output
1,500
300
1,200
1,000
100
300
1,400
+ 100
Output
PLANNED
INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT
PURCHASES
SPENDING
G
I
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Equilibrium
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Governmentspending
multiplier
Tax multiplier
Balancedbudget
multiplier
Simultaneous balanced-budget
increase or decrease in the
level of government purchases
and net taxes:
MULTIPLIER
FINAL IMPACT ON
EQUILIBRIUM Y
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AMOUNT
PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL
801.8
94.0
217.4
9.2
802.5
21.9
28.6
0.5
1,974.8
40.6
4.8
11.0
0.5
40.6
1.1
1.4
0.0
100.0
725.7
1,014.0
28.9
348.3
221.5
43.0
2,381.3
30.5
42.6
1.2
14.6
9.3
1.8
100.0
406.5
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THE DEBT
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FIGURE 9.5 The Federal Government Debt as a Percentage of GDP, 1970 I2005 II
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AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS
automatic stabilizers Revenue and
expenditure items in the federal
budget that automatically change
with the state of the economy in such
a way as to stabilize GDP.
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FISCAL DRAG
fiscal drag The negative effect on
the economy that occurs when
average tax rates increase because
taxpayers have moved into higher
income brackets during an
expansion.
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FULL-EMPLOYMENT BUDGET
full-employment budget What the
federal budget would be if the
economy were producing at a fullemployment level of output.
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Appendix A
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Appendix A
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Appendix A
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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