UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPORT &

EXPORT
Role of Import and Export Trade in an Economy
Institutional Framework for Foreign Trade in India
Role of Director General of Foreign Trade and Commerce
Objectives of EXIM Policy
Global trade flows
Contract of International Sale of Goods
INCOTERMS 2010

Imports

Imports are defined as purchases of good or services by a domestic

economy from a foreign economy.

The domestic purchaser of the good or service is called an importer.

Imports and exports are critical for many economies and they are the
defining

financial

transactions

of

international

trade.

Imported products in India

Indias major imports comprise of crude oil machinery, military products,
fertilizers, chemicals, gems, antiques and artworks. Imported goods are
divided into the following categories:

Freely importable items: For these items, no import license is required.

They can be freely imported by an individual or a firm.

Canalized items: These items can only be imported by public sector firms.
For example petroleum products fall under this category.

Prohibited items: Items such as unprocessed ivory, animal rennet and

tallow fat cannot be exported to India

Why do Nations Import???

All countries need toor choose toimport at least some goods and
services for the following reasons:

Goods or services that are either

a. Essential to economic well-being or
b. Highly attractive to consumers but are not available in the domestic
market

Goods or services that satisfy domestic needs or wants can be produced

more inexpensively or efficiently by other countries, and therefore sold at
lower prices.

Role of Imports in Economy

Imports are critical for many economies; they are the defining financial
transactions of international trade and account for a large portion of the
GDP.
In most countries, international trade and importing goods represents a
significant share of the gross domestic product (GDP)
International trade is generally more expensive than domestic trade due to
additionally imposed costs, taxes, and tariffs.
On a business level, companies take part in direct-imports; a major retailer
imports goods from an overseas manufacturer in order to save money.

Protecting Imports
Due to the economic importance of imports, countries enact specific
laws, barriers, and policies in order to regulate international trade.
Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between
countries through tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and
government regulations.
When

trade

barriers

and

policies

of

protectionism

are

eliminated, consumer surplus increases. The price of a good or

service will decrease while the quantity consumed will increase.

Impacts of Buying Imported Goods

On a national level, in most countries international trade and importing
goods represents a significant share of the gross domestic product (GDP).
International trade has a significant economic, social, and political
importance in many countries.
Imports provide countries with access to goods and services from other
nations. Without imports, a country would be limited to the goods and
services within its own borders .

However, the factors of production are usually more mobile domestically

than internationally (capital and labor).

It is common for countries to import goods rather than a factor of

production.

For example, the U.S. imports labor-intensive goods from China. Instead
of importing Chinese labor, the U.S. imports goods that were produced in
China by Chinese labor.

EXPORTS

Export means sale of goods to a foreign country.

To ship the goods and services out of the port of a country.

The seller of such goods and services is referred to as exporter.

EXPORTED GOODS IN INDIA

Indian exports comprise mainly of engineering and textile products,

precious stones, petroleum products, jewelry, sugar, steel chemicals, zinc
and leather products. Most of the exported goods are exempt from export
duties.

India also exports services to several countries, primarily to the US. In fact,
India is among the worlds largest exporters of services related to
information and communication technology (ICT). It is also the key
destination for business process outsourcing (BPO).

IMPORTANCE OF EXPORTS

Growth of an economy is directly related to exports. If exports increase at a

faster pace as compared to imports, nothing can stop an economy from
being a developed one. On the other hand, the instability in exports can
adversely affects the process of economic development.
Lower exports mean low foreign exchange and lower foreign exchange in
turn means a small purchasing capacity of a nation in the international
market.
Export instabilities have been claimed to affect economic growth both
positively and negatively. Fluctuation in exports earnings introduces
uncertainties in the economy
Export instability stimulates inflation. The simple rule of the thumb is that
as inflation rises in a country, the products and services tend to be costlier,
with minor exceptions, of course.

Indias Foreign Trade

Institutional frame work for foreign trade in India

Institutional frame work- Department of Commerce

The Department of Commerce is the prime

agency of the country to promote international
trade.
It is supported by a massive institutional set up
at the union and state government levels,
carrying out a range of trade facilitation
activities.

Department of commerce

The Economic Division

The Economic Division is engaged in export planning, formulating export
strategies, periodic appraisal, and review of policies. The Economic Division
also maintains coordination with and control over other divisions and various
organizations set up by the Ministry of Commerce to facilitate export growth

The Trade Policy Division

International organizations, such as WTO, UNCTAD, Economic Commission
of Europe, Africa, Latin America, and Asia and Far East (ESCAP).
Indias relationship with regional trading agreements, such as EU, NAFTA,
SAFTA

The Foreign Trade Territorial Division

Development of trade with different countries and regions of the world.
It maintains contact with trade missions abroad and carries out related
administrative work.
The Export Product Division
Problems connected with production, generation of surplus, and development of
products for exports.

The Exports Industries Division

Development and regulation of rubber, tobacco, and cardamom. It is also
responsible for handling export promotion activities relating to textiles,
woolens, handlooms, readymade garments, silk, and cellulosic fibres, jute
and jute products, handicrafts, and coir and coir products.

The Export Services Division

The Export Services Division deals with the problems of export assistance,
such as export credit, export house, market development assistance
(MDA), transport subsidies, free trade zones, quality control and preshipment inspection, assistance to import capital goods, etc.

Subordinate offices

Directorate General of Foreign Trade- DGFT

Execute EXIM Policy, Issuing Licenses and monitoring

of export

obligations.

Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and StatisticsDGCI&S.

collection, compilation, and dissemination of trade statistics and commercial
information
Its main publications, such as India Trade Journal (weekly) and Foreign Trade
Statistics of India (monthly)

Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties- DGAD

Institutional Framework Advisory Bodies

Advisory bodies provide an effective mechanism for continued interaction

with trade and industry and increased coordination among various
departments and ministries concerned with export promotion.
The Government of India has set up the following advisory bodies for
promoting international trade.
Board of Trade
Secretaries of Commerce and Industry, Finance (Revenue), External
Affairs (ER), Textile, Chairman of ITPO, Chairman/MD of ECGC, MD of
Exim Bank, and Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India are official
members of the Board.

Institutional Framework Advisory Bodies:

2. Export Promotion Board:

In order to provide greater coordination among concerned ministries
involved in exports, the Export Promotion Board works under the
chairmanship of the Cabinet Secretary to provide policy and infrastructural
support.

Institutional Framework Commodity Organizations

In order to focus on the commodity-product-specific exports, there are

various commodity organizations such as export promotion councils,
commodity boards and autonomous bodies. These organizations look after
sectors specific exports right from product development to export
marketing.
1. EPC
Export promotion councils (EPCs) are non-profit organizations. They are
supported by financial assistance from the central government
To develop and promote the countrys exports of specific products from
India.

2. Commodity Boards:

i.The Tea Board

ii. The Coffee Board
iii. The Coir Board
iv. The Central Silk Board
v. The All-India Handlooms and Handicraft Board
vi. The Rubber Board
vii. The Cardamom Board
viii. The Tobacco Board
ix. The Spice Board

Institutional Framework Autonomous

Bodies:
Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority:
Promotion of exports of agriculture and processed food products. It works as
a linkage between Indian exporters and global markets.
The products which fall under the purview of the APEDA, known as
scheduled products, include fruits, vegetables and their products, meat and
meat products, poultry and poultry products, dairy products, confectionary,
biscuits and bakery products, honey, jaggery and sugar products, cocoa and
its products, chocolates of all kinds, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages,
cereal products, cashew nuts, groundnuts and papads, guar gum, herbal and
medical plants.

The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA ),

The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA),

established in 1972, is an autonomous body under the Ministry of
Commerce aimed at increasing export- oriented production, specifying
standards, processing, and export marketing of all kinds of fisheries and its
products.

Institutional Framework Service Institutions

These institutions are engaged include development of export management

personnel, market research, export credit insurance, export publicity,
organization of trade fairs and exhibitions, collection and dissemination of
export-related information, inspection and quality control, development in
packaging, etc.

Functions of some of these Institutions:

Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
Export Inspection Council
India Trade Promotion Organization:
National Centre for Trade Information:
Export Credit Guarantee Corporation

Institutional Framework Government Participation in Foreign Trade:

State Trading Corporation (STC), the Minerals and Metals Trading

Corporation (MMTC), Spices Trading Corporation Limited, and Metal
Scrap Trading Corporation (MSTC).

Institutional Framework States Involvement in Promoting Exports

Export-Import Bank of India

Indian Institute of Packaging

Contract for International sale of goods -CISG

UN-sponsored convention that

drafting international

establishes
sales contracts,

uniform-rules

for

and sets the legal

rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer under such contracts.
CISG rules apply automatically to

the sales contracts

between

the countries who have ratified the convention.

An agreement between a seller and a buyer for the sale of goods. The
contract should, at a minimum, identify the seller and buyer, the quantity
and type of product, delivery time, price and conditions of payment

 In order to facilitate the international

trade, united nations developed the
conventions on contract for the
international sales of goods (CISG) in
1980. this is sometimes referred to
as vienna conventions.
The CISG sets out the law that will
apply when a sale of goods involves
parties from two or more countries
which have adopted the CISG.

 When parties from different

contacting states entering into a
contract, the CISG is a default law to
be applied, rather than the law of
either of the countries, unless the
party expressly agree that the CISG
will not apply.

A. CISG
United Nations Convention on Contracts for th
e International Sale of Goods

In effect since January 1, 1988

Current state parties: 70, including

Canada Mexico

China Russia
France United States
Germany
return

Purpose
The purpose of the CISG is to provide a modern, uniform and fair regime
for contracts for the international sale of goods. Thus, the CISG contributes
significantly to introducing certainty in commercial exchanges and
decreasing transaction costs.

The sellers obligations with respect to the quality of the goods as well as the
time and place for delivery;
The place and date for payment;
The buyers obligations to take delivery, to examine delivered goods, and to
give notice of any claimed lack of conformity;
The buyers remedies for breach of contract by the seller, including rights to
demand delivery, to require repair or replacement of non-conforming goods, to
avoid the contract, to recover damages, and to reduce the price for nonconforming goods;

 The sellers remedies for breach of contract by the

buyer, including rights to require the buyer to take
delivery and/or pay the price, to avoid the contract,
and to recover damages;
Passing of risk in the goods sold;
Recovery of interest on sums in arrears;
Obligations to preserve goods that are to be sent or
returned to the other party.

INCOTERMS 2010
INTRODUCTION
The Incoterms rules or International Commercial terms are a series of predefined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC) widely used in international commercial transactions. A
series of three-letter trade terms related to common sales practices, the
Incoterms rules are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks,
costs and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods.

The Incoterms rules are accepted by governments, legal authorities and

practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used
terms in international trade.
They are intended to reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising
from different interpretation of the rules in different countries. First
published in 1936, the Incoterms rules have been periodically updated,
with the eighth versionIncoterms 2010having been published on
January 1, 2011. "Incoterms" is a registered trademark of the ICC.

Rules for Any mode of transport

EXW(Named point of origin) - Ex Works: Seller delivers (without loading)
the goods at disposal of buyer at seller's premises. Long held as the most
preferable term for those new-to-export because it represents the minimum
liability to the seller. On these routed transactions, the buyer has limited
obligation to provide export information to the seller.
For example: ex factory, ex mill, ex warehouse. Under this term, the price
quoted applies only at the point of origin and the seller agrees to place the
goods at the disposal of the buyer at a specified place on the date or within
the period fixed. All other charges are for the account of the buyer.

 FCA- Free Carrier: Seller delivers the

goods to the carrier and may be
responsible for clearing the goods for
export (filing the EEI). More realistic
than EXW because it includes loading
at pick-up, which is commonly
expected, and sellers are more
concerned about export violations.

 CIP- Carriage and Insurance Paid To:

Seller delivers goods to the carrier at
an agreed place, shifting risk to the
buyer, but seller pays carriage and
insurance to the named place of
destination.

 DAT- Delivered at Terminal: Seller

bears cost, risk and responsibility
until goods are unloaded (delivered)
at named quay, warehouse, yard, or
terminal at destination. Demurrage
or detention charges may apply to
seller. Seller clears goods for export,
not import. DAT replaces DEQ, DES.

 DAP- Delivered at Place: Seller

bears cost, risk and responsibility for
goods until made available to buyer
at named place of destination. Seller
clears goods for export, not import.
DAP replaces DAF, DDU.

 DDP- Delivered Duty Paid: Seller

bears cost, risk and responsibility for
cleared goods at named place of
destination at buyers disposal. Buyer
is responsible for unloading. Seller is
responsible for import clearance,
duties and taxes so buyer is not
importer of record.

 CPT- Carriage Paid To: Seller delivers

goods to the carrier at an agreed
place, shifting risk to the buyer, but
seller must pay cost of carriage to
the named place of destination.

Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway

Transport:
FAS- Free Alongside Ship: Risk
passes to buyer, including payment
of all transportation and insurance
costs, once delivered alongside the
ship (realistically at named port
terminal) by the seller. The export
clearance obligation rests with the
seller.

 FOB- Free On Board: Risk passes to

buyer, including payment of all
transportation and insurance costs,
once delivered on board the ship by
the seller. A step further than FAS.

 CFR- Cost and Freight: Seller

delivers goods and risk passes to
buyer when on board the vessel.
Seller arranges and pays cost and
freight to the named destination
port. A step further than FOB.

 CIF- Cost, Insurance and Freight:

Risk passes to buyer when delivered
on board the ship. Seller arranges
and pays cost, freight and insurance
to destination port. Adds insurance
costs to CFR.

INCOTERMS DO NOT...
Determine ownership or transfer title to the
goods, nor evoke payment terms.
Apply to service contracts, nor define contractual
rights or obligations (except for delivery) or
breach of contract remedies.
Protect parties from their own risk or loss, nor
cover the goods before or after delivery.
Specify details of the transfer, transport, and
delivery of the goods. Container loading is NOT
considered packaging, and must be addressed in
the sales contract.
Remember, Incoterms are not law and there is NO
default Incoterm!