basis data (DBMS = Data Base Management System) dimana interaksi dengan pemakai dilakukan dengan suatu sistem antar muka dan sistem query dan basis data dibangun untuk aplikasi multiuser. SIG merupakan perangkat analisis keruangan (spatial analysis) dengan kelebihan dapat mengelola data spasial dan data non-spasial sekaligus.
Sistem Manajemen Basis Data
SIG
Syarat pengorganisasian data: Volum kecil dengan klasifikasi data yang baik; Penyajian yang akurat; Mudah dan cepat dalam pencarian kembali (data retrieval) dan penggabungan (proses komposit).
Tipe Data Data
lokasi:
Koordinat lokasi Nama lokasi Lokasi topologi (letak relatif: sebelah kiri danau A, sebelah kanan pertokoan B) Data
non-lokasi:
Curah hujan Jumlah panen padi Terdiri dari variabel (tanah), kelas (alluvial), nilai luas (10 ha), jenis (pasir) Data
dimensi waktu (temporal):
Data non-lokasi di lokasi bersangkutan dapat berubah
dengan waktu (misal: data curah hujan bulan Desember akan berbeda dengan bulan Juli)
Desain Konseptual Data
Model
A data model is a formal specification
for the entities, their attributes and all relationships between the entities for the GIS. The purpose of a data model is to make it possible for both user and GIS analyst agree on the data definitions which is represented completely rigorous and unambiguous fashion.
Desain Konseptual Building
Located on
Resides
Simple Entity Relationship (E-R) Diagram
Parcel
Owned by
Shel f Uppe
Occupantr
Joe Jones Owner Plateau
Slope
or Terrace
Apex Co.
Entities represented as rectangles, relationship as diamonds and attributes as ellipses.
Lowe Deep Rise Ocean r Slope
Desain Konseptual E-R Model 1. Parts of E-R Model: Entities; Relationships between entities; Attributes of entities or relationships.
2. Types of normal relationships: Belonging to; Set and subset relationships; Parent-child relationships; Component parts of an object.
3. Rules for identifying
entities, relationships, and attributes: A common noun corresponds to an entity type; A transitive verb corresponds to a relationship type; An adjective corresponds to an attribute type.
Desain Konseptual Each
entity and its attribute map into one or more
relational tables.
Area terbangun
Each
Bangunan Bangunan sakit Bangunan Bangunan Rise
kantor rumah
Koordinat Letak
sekolah pertokoan
Milik
Luas
relationship is a regular relationship executed by
the relational database query system or a spatial relationship and if it is not a standard operation then the indicated operation which usually includes a complex computation need to be written (using Avenue Script/Macro Language).
Desain Konseptual Metadata
is information about data: (i) describe the
characteristics of the data (entity and attributes) using its standard name, and (ii) provide information on its accuracy and its source and its archiving provision.
Important
functions of metadata: provide (i) a basic data
description of a data set; (ii) information for data transfer / sharing; (iii) information for entries into clearinghouses to catalogue the availability of data.
Metadata
should serve as: (i) a documentation and data
management tool; (ii) data definition, source documentation, management and updating, data archiving and retention requirement; (iii) information to support database description for spatial data clearinghouses.
Desain Konseptual An example of metadata tables: 1. Organization Information Name of Organization Department Room/Suite# Number & Street Name City State ZipShel Code Phone Number f Fax Number Uppe Contact Person Plateau r or ExtensionSlope Number Terrace E-mail Address Internet Address Comments
2. Reference Information Filename File Format Availability Cost File Internet Address Metadata Created By Date Metada Created Metadata Updated By Date Metadata Updated Metadata Standard Lowe Deep Name Rise Ocean r Comments Slope
5. Attribute Information Data Object Name Data Attribute Name Attribute Description Attribute Filename Code Set Name Code Set Description Measurement units Accuracy Description Comments
Perencanaan DB The
quality of information
Information is stored in a database;
Bad construction and data error will give Garbage instead of Geographic Information System; What kind of map projection will be used; What scale is the data; What is the coverage; How much attribution should be included; What is the attribute data format; What is the data reliability; How fast is it to be retrieved.
Perencanaan DB Information
required for database design:
A complete list of data, properly defined
and checked for validity and consistency (from the master data list, E-R data model, and metadata entries); A list of potential data source (maps, aerial photos, tabular files, digital files) cataloged and evaluated for accuracy and completeness (from available data survey); The list of functional capabilities required from the GIS (from needs assessment). Such as visualization, spatial analysis, statistical analysis and modeling.
Perencanaan DB
Entities, Attributes, and Spatial Object Plateau or Terrace
Lowe Deep Rise Ocean r Slope
Perencanaan DB Plan
for data sharing
Benefits of data sharing include: (i) the
development of much larger database for far less cost; (ii) the development of more efficient interaction between public agencies; and (iii) all agencies shared the same up-to-date database / information. Database maintenance requires two efforts: ongoing user training (how to maintain the database) and user support (who will be responsible for updating which data).
Perencanaan DB Designing
the Database
Most of databases in GIS software
packages are based on the relational database model; Two choices of using data table: as much data in one table or small/compact data in one table; How you will represent the data: point, line, polygon, network, etc.
Konstruksi DB Database
construction/conversion is the process of building the digital database from the source data - maps and tabular files.
The
main emphasis is management of the activity and quality assurance / quality control of the converted data.
Konstruksi DB Data
Conversion
Manual digitizing using a digitizing tablet
and cursor tool (puck); Scanning (converts lines and text into series of pixels); Raster to Vector Conversion (convert series of pixels into series of (x,y) coordinates points), this facility is usually provided by a GIS software; Hybrid solution (overlaying vector format data with an image provides a powerful graphic display tool;
Konstuksi DB
Map graphics represent all of the features (entities)
on a map as points, lines, areas, or pixels;
Tabular databases contain the attribute information
which describe the entities (building, parcel, etc.);
A common key (graphics data index) must be
established between the map graphics and the tabular database records to create a link. Graphics Data Index
Konstuksi DB Raster
Data (pixels) Raster GIS Data
Graphics Grid / Raster
1 2
1 2
Value Attribute Table
Cell Value Real World Entity 1
Lake
Wooded
Built-up
Konstuksi DB Vector
GIS Data Vector GIS Data
Vector GIS Polygon Layer
Polygon Attribute Table
Polygon Numbet 1
Identity Attribute Lake
Wooded
Built-up
Basis Data Relasional
Basis
Data relasional menggunakan tabel dua dimensi yang terdiri atas baris dan kolom untuk memberi gambaran sebuah berkas data.
Basis Data Relasional
MHS NPM
Nama
Alamat
10296832
Nurhayati
Jakarta
10296126
Astuti
Jakarta
31296500
Budi
Depok
41296525
Prananingrum
Bogor
50096487
Pipit
Bekasi
21196353
Quraish
Bogor
Basis Data Relasional
MKUL KDMK
MTKULIAH
SKS
KK021
P. Basis Data
KD132
SIM
KU122
Pancasila
Basis Data Relasional
NILAI NPM
KDMK
MID
FINAL
10296832
KK021
60
75
10296126
KD132
70
90
31296500
KK021
55
40
41296525
KU122
90
80
21196353
KU122
75
75
50095487
KD132
80
10296832
KD132
40
30
Basis Data Relasional
Keuntungan:
Bentuknya sederhana Mudah melakukan berbagai operasi data
Basis Data Relasional
Sumber: Dinar D.A. Putranto, Pendekatan Basisdata Berorientasi Obyek untuk Manajemen Tata Ruang Kota, Disertasi Doktor, ITB, 2000.
Hybrid & Integrated
System Pengertian
1: Struktur data vektor dan struktur data raster
dapat dipadukan pada suatu sistem, dengan melengkapi fasilitas konversi vektor ke raster dan raster ke vektor. Selain itu juga disediakan fungsi-fungsi untuk mengolah masingmasing struktur data
Pengertian
2: Data SIG terdiri dari dua bentuk data: yaitu data
grafis yang menyatakan entitas obyek dan data attribut. Data grafis yang terdiri dari data koordinat dan data topologi disimpan di berkas yang terpisah dari data atribut. Data atribut ditangani oleh database management system. Penggabungan kedua tipe data dilakukan melalui suatu kode identifikasi, misal kode identifikasi poligon, garis atau titik. Hal yang sama juga dapat dilakukan linkage antara grid-cell modules dengan database management system.
Pengertian
3: Operasional SIG secara keseluruhan yang terdiri
dari SIG software, CAD software, Image Processing software, GPS software, Open-Source components, DBMS system
