Organic Chemistry &

Macromolecules
Honors Biology
SFHS

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Compounds
Organic =

containing
carbon; at least 5
Molecules are
very large
Usually have H
and O as well as
N, P, and S
Organic
compounds are
associated with
living things
such as us!

Inorganic Compounds
Without inorganic

compounds where
would be?
What do you think
inorganic
compounds lack?
H20, CO2, O2, and
minerals such as
Zn, Mg, and Ca

CARBON CHEMISTRY

Carbon Chemistry
C has a valence of

4 e-. So, how

many covalent
bonds can it form?
Why might it be
important for C to
be able to form
many compounds?

Monomers and Polymers

Monomers

Polymers a large

individual
molecules or
subunits that form
a polymer

molecule that is
made of smaller
molecules or
subunits

Nucleotides and

DNA, RNA, &

amino acids

proteins

Anabolic vs. Catabolic Rxns.

Anabolic rxns. build-up processes
Requires E by making larger molecules
A + B AB
Examples are protein synthesis and photosynthesis
Catabolic rxns. breakdown processes
Release E by making smaller molecules
AB A + B
Examples are digestion and cellular respiration

Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolic builds

up
Creates new bonds
and larger
molecules
Water is released
as a waste product
every place a new
bond forms!

Hydrolysis
Hydro = water;

lysis = to split
Catabolic breaks
down
Creates smaller
molecules and
requires H2O to
break those bonds
(H+ and OH-)

4 Groups of Macromolecules

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates
Names usually end in ose
Made of C, H, and O
2:1 ratio of H to O

general formula= CH2O

Function to supply short-term E to cells
2 groups
Sugars taste sweet (candy)
Starches taste bland (crackers)

Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides simple sugars that form

carbon rings
Glucose = blood; galactose = milk; fructose = fruit

or honey

Disaccharides formed from 2

monosaccharides bonded together

Sucrose = table sugar; lactose = milk; maltose =

malted milk balls

Monosaccharides bond to form disaccharides

by?

Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides long chains of

monosaccharides bonded together by?

Examples are starches, rice, corn bread, pasta, &

potatoes

Bonds between chains are called glycosidic

linkages
When polysaccharides are broken down, it
releases E

Glycosidic linkages

Types of Polysaccharides
Glycogen animal starch
Made in the liver from glucose
Provides short-term storage between meals

Types of Polysaccarides
Cellulose plant

starch
Found in cell walls

and gives support

Non-digestible by
animals = fiber,
bulk, & ruffage

LIPIDS

Lipids
Fats include solid fats, oils, & waxes
Feel greasy paper test
Not soluble in water non-polar
Some solvents of lipids
Acetone, ether, and alcohol

Functions
Store E (concentrated), cushion, insulate, build cell

membranes, and compose substances, such as

steroids, cholesterol, and hormones.

Typical Lipid Structure

This is a triglyceride

Glycerol
Backbone

Three
Fatty
acid
tails

NO DOUBLE BONDS

Saturated Fats

between carbon
atoms in the chain
Examples are butter,
cream, cheese, milk,
meat, & coconut oil
Solid at room
temperature, derived
from animals

Unsaturated Fats
One or more

double bonds in
the chain
Avocado, nuts,
soybeans, and
olive oil
Liquid at room
temperature
Derived from
plants

STEROIDS
Lipids characterized by
a carbon skeleton
consisting of four fused
rings
Testosterone,
Estrogen,
cholesterol

PROTEINS

Proteins
Contain 50% of the dry weight of all cells
Always contain nitrogen!
Other elements such as C, H, & O
Sources are eggs, meat, dairy, & legumes

Proteins
Used for structural

support, signaling
from one part of
an organism to
another,
movement, and
biological
catalysts
(enzymes)

Structural Proteins
Make up cell parts
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Channel proteins

Structural

Functional Proteins
Chemicals that control reactions
Hormones and enzymes

Functional
Functional Proteins perform a

function
Chemicals that control reactions
Enzymes
Muscles

Protein Structure
All proteins are very long polymers made of

amino acids which are the monomers for

proteins.
Amino acids are put together via
dehydration synthesis and form bonds
called peptide bonds

There are 20 amino acids, the only

thing that makes them different is
the R group!

Amino Acid Structure

Protein Primary Structure

The backbone of protein structure,
Supercalafragilisticexpialadocious
A very long string of amino acids held
together by peptide bonds

Protein Secondary
Structure
All about the H bonds
2 options:
Alpha helix
Beta Pleated sheet

Due to
reactions
between the R
groups

Form between
Polar side chains

Tertiary Structure

Form between
sulfhydral groups

Form
between
charged R
groups

Quaternary Structure

Structure in
proteins that
results from
interactions
between and
among several
polypeptide
chains.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids
Carry inherited info
Made of monomers called nucleotides
Found in all foods
Types of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA

Nucleotides
The monomers of

nucleic acids
Consist of 3 parts
5-carbon sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous
Bases
Adenine

Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine always

binds with Thymine

Guanine always
binds with Cytosine