3G Introduction

By: RFP/O

3G System
3G Systems are intended to provide a global
mobility with wide range of services
including telephony, paging, messaging,
Internet and broadband data.
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS)
UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G)
mobile systems being developed within the
ITU's IMT-2000 framework.

UMTS Services

UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or

SMS) and bearer services, which provide the
capability for information transfer between
access points.

UMTS Network Services

Have differentQoS classesfor four types of traffic

Conversational
class
(voice,
video
telephony, video gaming)
Streaming
class (multimedia, video on
demand, webcast)
Interactive class (web browsing, network
gaming, database access
Background
class
(email,
SMS,
downloading)

Bearer services
Offereddata ratetargets are:
144 kbits/s: satellite and rural outdoor
384 kbits/s: urban outdoor
2048 kbits/s and higher data rates: indoor
and low range outdoor
21.4 Mbps and 42.8 Mbps

144 kbits/s and 384 kbits/s are called R99.

(Release 99)

Higher Data rates are called HSPA (High

speed Packet Access)

HSUPA: High speed uplink Packet Access

HSDPA: High speed Downlink packet Access

Frequency Band
Frequency band
2100 MHz
Uplink/Downlink Band
5MHz
Uplink Frequency band
1920 to 1980
MHz
Downlink Frequency band
2110 to 2170
MHz
UARFCN is the channel number

UARFCN

The UARFCN (UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency

Channel Number) is the channel number
representing the full 5 MHz UMTS carrier.
Only 3.84MHz is used for transmission, while
the 1.16 MHz acts as a built-in guard-band to
adjacent UARFCN's (580kHz + 3840kHz +
580kHz = 5MHz).
If an operator owns the adjacent frequency
bands, it is possible to reduce the size of the
UMTS carrier from 5MHz to 4.4 or 4.2 MHZ, but
this is not recommended.

CPICH & Scrambling Codes

The Common Pilot Indication Channel (CPICH) is broadcast

from every cell
It carries no information and can be thought of as a
beacon "constantly transmitting the Scrambling Code of
the cell
It is this beacon that is used by the phone for its cell
measurements for network acquisition and handover
purposes (Ec, Ec/Io)
Every cell contains different Scrambling code
Total scrambling codes are 0 to 511 i.e. 512 Codes
Wide range of scrambling codes reduces frequency clashes
Golden Rule: If the UE cant see the CPICH the UE cant
see the cell.

3G Coverage Measurements

Initial 3G network optimization will be

performed purely from CPICH measurements
Three key related measurements for 3G
optimization are Ec, Io & Ec/Io.
Ec: The Received Signal Level of a particular
CPICH (dBm)
Io: The Total Received Power in dBm (Including
Background Noise)
Ec/Io: The CPICH Quality (The ratio of the
above two values)
RSCP: Receive Signal Code Power

3G Drive Test
Two MS and one scanner used for 3G Drive
Test.
MS1 Idle
MS2 Dedicated
MS3 Scanner, Scans 2G and 3G both
Tems Investigation Data collection is used
for Drive Test.

SOAR
Site On Air Acceptance Report
Includes SSV and Single site Drive Test
SSV: Single Site Verification Test
SOAR report is attached for your reference

Micros oft Office

Word 97 - 2003 Document

SSV

Single Site Verification Test

SSV test is performed at every cell, SSV Includes
Voice calls
Video Calls
SMS
MMS
3G to 2G HO
2G to 3G Cell reselection (As 2G to 3G HO is not allowed in
many networks)
R99 DL/UL
HSDPA
HSUPA
If operator has more than one UARFCN than SSV will be
performed at every UARFCN.

IBS Drive Test

IBS: Indoor Base station
Includes SSV & Walk Test for all sectors
Out door to in door HO and Indoor to
Outdoor HO is also required for IBS
Tems Mobile Pocket View can also be used
for walk test
IBS report is attached for your reference

Micros oft Office

Word 97 - 2003 Document

R99 and HSPA Test

R99 is done through MS
R99 can be done by HSPA data card.
While HSPA test is done by HSPA Data card
as Ms cant deal with high data rates like
21.4 Mbps or greater data rates.
Many of MS cant deal with more than 3.5
Mbps.

AS, MN and DN
AS: Active Set, Include the cells sharing the
radio resources
Maximum 3 cells can be in Active Set state
in one time
MN,
Monitor
Set,
Includes
neighbor
information
DN:
Detecting neighbor, includes the
information of detecting neighbor. MS
receives good RSCP of not added neighbor
cells.

3G Events1A, 1B, 1C, 1D and 1E

Event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range;

addition of a radio link.
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range;
removal of a radio link.
Event 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH; replacement of the worst cell in AS.
Event 1D: Change of best cell
event 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute
threshold
Event 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold
These Events are occur in dedicated mode.
If one of these event could not trigger due to any reason, call
will be dropped

Handovers in WCDMA

Various handover types exist in WCDMA

Those between WCDMA sites (intra-system

HO)
Those between WCDMA and GSM (intersystem HO)

SHO

Softer handover/Soft Handover

During SHO, MS uses the resources of both
cells, source and the target cell at the same
time
Softer handover occurs between sectors of the
same Site
Soft Handover occurs between the sectors of
the same RNC
For both softer and soft it is the Ec/Io levels
used to determine whether a cell should be
added or removed from the active set

Inter frequency HO
Inter frequency handover occurs between
two WCDMA carriers (UARFCN)
Will be used once operator deploys its
second carrier, for microcell layer or
capacity purposes

Inter system HO
Inter system handover occurs between 3G
and 2G sites
As with all handovers, accurate adjacencies
will be required 3G & 2G

Pilot Pollution
In scan mode, when 3 or more than 3 pilots
are serving at the same place with RSCP
better than -100 dBm and Ec/No is better
than -15 than there will be pilot pollution.
New Sites: Additional sites may reduce
pilot pollution by bringing dominance to an
area
Solution: 3G Scanner Survey, Analysis,
Down tilts, New Sites

UMTS Architecture

Cell Breathing (Respiration)

Cell breathing (or respiration) is a term used to reflect the

fact that the coverage area of a base station in a CDMA
system will become smaller if there are more subscribers.
While in conventional FDMA and TDMA systems, like GSM,
each subscriber has the full transmission power of the base
station, in CDMA systems (like UMTS and CDMA2000), the
output power of the base station is divided among all active
subscribers.
If, for example, a total power of 20 watts is available, the
network can feed 10 watts to each of two subscribers, or, 2
watts to each of 10 subscribers. The maximum output
power available for an individual subscriber depends on the
number of active subscribers in each radio cell. The more
subscribers logged on to the cell, the lower the power
available for a individual subscriber and hence the lower its
range.

What Is the RTWP in

UMTS?

The European implementation of the 3G

mobile telephone network is known as the
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS).
Like any telephone system, the UMTS network
is vulnerable to interference from noise.
Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP) is a
method
of
measuring
interference.

Function

Received Total Wideband Power does not

solve the problem of noise in the telephone
network. Instead it is a standard for
measuring levels of interference within a
mobile telephone cell. The interference
measured by RTWP is not environmental,
like static, but is the incidence of collision
between
calls.

Features

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication

System reserves a range of radio frequencies
for the transmission of telephone calls. This
band of frequencies is the "Wideband" in the
name of RTWP. It is a finite resource and it is
possible that it can be overloaded. This is
"congestion" and RTWP is a tool to determine
the rise of noise in the particular cell due to
congestion.

Implementation

RTWP is measured in decibels per milliwatt,

expressed as dBm, or dBmW. An unloaded
network will report an RTWP of minus 105
dBm. A highly congested network is
indicated by an RTWP of minus 85 dBm. An
acceptable level of service is deemed to be
between minus 95 dBm and minus 105
dBm.

WCDMA Channelization
Code

OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as

channelization code

Cch,4,0= (1,1,1,1)

Cch,8,1= (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)

Cch,2,0= (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,1)

Cch,1,0= (1)

Cch,8,0= (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

Cch,4,2= (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,8,2= (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3= (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,8,4= (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5= (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)

Cch,2,1= (1, -1)

Cch,4,3= (1,-1,-1,1)

Cch,8,6= (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7= (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

SF =
8

Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed

of 1, repeating the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then
complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to be
continued with the newly generated block until the desired
codes with the proper length are generated. Sequences
created in this way are referred as Walsh code.
Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality
of different subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined
as the code tree illustrated in the following diagram.
Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the
spreading factor of the code, and k is the sequence of code,
0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code tree is SF
channelization code, and the left most value of each
spreading code character is corresponding to the chip which
is transmitted earliest.

WCDMA Channelization
Code

SF = chip rate / symbol rate

High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code

The

channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes.

They are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels.
They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined
using a code tree.
In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k,
where SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 k SF1.
A channelization sequence modulates one users bit. Because the chip rate is
constant, the different lengths of codes enable to have different user data rates.
Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are for low rate
services.
The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes
(for one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value.
The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes.
Furthermore, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of
the two codes is a mother code of the other. For example C4,3 is not orthogonal
with C1,0 and C2,1, but is orthogonal with C2,0.
SF in uplink is from 4 to 256.
SF in downlink is from 4 to 512.

Purpose of Channelization Code

Channelization code is used to distinguish different
physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used
to separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means
there are 128 voice services maximum can be
supported in one WCDMA carrier;
For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF
is 32, it means there are 32 voice services maximum
can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.

The End