Dynamics
(CFD)
Outline
What is CFD?
Why use CFD?
Where is CFD used?
CFD process
Physics
Modeling
Numerics
Resources
What is CFD?
use CFD?
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Wing-Body Interaction
Hypersonic Launch
Vehicle
5
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
External Aerodynamics
Interior Ventilation
Undercarriage
Aerodynamics
Engine Cooling
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Twin-screw extruder
modeling
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Mean age of air contours indicate
location of fresh supply air
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
11
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
12
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
13
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Flow in a
burner
Power Generation
Sports
Flow pattern through a water
turbine.
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
15
Geometry description
Grid generation and Resolution
Specification of flow conditions/types and properties
Selection of models (Physics)
Specification of initial and boundary conditions
Specification of numerical parameters and Flow solution
Post processing: Analysis, and visualization
16
Geometry description
Integration packages
CAD
Catia
Uni Graphics
Solids works
Proe
Auto Desk
Ansys workbench
CAE
Ansa
Hyper mesh
Icem CFD
17
Grid generation
Grids (Surface Mesh)
Trias
Quad
Grid Volume Mesh (Fluid/Solid)
Structured (hexahedral)
Unstructured (tetrahedral).
Prisms for boudarylayer
18
Grid Resolution
19
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid
Viscous
Laminar
Turbulence
External
Compressible
(air, acoustic)
Incompressible
(water)
Internal
(airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
Physics
CFD codes typically designed for representation of
specific flow phenomenon
Viscous vs. in viscid (no viscous forces) (Re)
Turbulent vs. laminar (Re)
Incompressible vs. compressible (Ma)
Single- vs. multi-phase (Ca)
Thermal/density effects and energy equation (Pr, g, Gr,
Ec)
Free-surface flow and surface tension (Fr, We)
Chemical reactions, mass transfer
21
22
Numerical parameter
used to control flow solution.
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time
steps for unsteady flow
Flow solution
Solve the momentum, pressure Poisson equations and
get flow field quantities, such as velocity, turbulence
intensity, pressure and integral quantities (forces)
23
Post-processing
Governing Equations
(Equations based on average velocity)
ux u y uz 0
t x
y
z
Continuity
u x
u x
u x
u x
p
xx yx zx g x
ux
uy
uz
x
y
z
x x
y
z
t
Equation of motion
26
Navier-Stokes Equations
Claude-Louis Navier
C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de lAcad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
Navier-Stokes Equations
(constant and )
2 ux 2 ux 2 ux
u x
u x
u x
u x
p
2 2 2 g x
ux
uy
uz
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
2
2
2
u y
u y
u y
uy
u y
p
y
y
ux
uy
u z 2 2 2 g y
x
y
z
y x y
z
t
u z
u z
u z
u z
p 2 uz 2 uz 2 uz
ux
uy
u z 2 2 2 g z
x
y
z
z
z
t
x y
D
2
v p v g
Dt
28
NavierStokes Example
2
2
2
u y
u y
u y
u y
p uy uy uy
u x u y u z 2 2 2 g y
x
y
z
y x y z
t
d 2 uy
dp
0 2 g
dy
dx
Integrate
x dp
g C1
dx dy
duy
Fluid
L
x2 d p
Integrate u y g C1 x C2
2 dy
B.C. u y 0 at x 0, u y 0 at x L
C1
L dp
2 dy
Final Expression u y
C2 0
1 dp
2
g
(
Lx
x
)
2 dy
y
x
Laminar Flow
Static Parallel Plates
29
Modeling
30
31
Bulk Stream
x
U0
dy
y u y
Friction Velocity
u
y 0
33
34
Numerics / Discretization
Computational
35
Finite Differences
Approximating
Function
of One Variable
Taylor Expansion
2
u(x
u(x
Forward
Centered
Taylor Expansion
u(x) = u(x) u(x x) + O(x)
x
u(x) = u(x + x) u(x) + O(x)
x
u(x) = u(x + x) u(x x) + O(x)
2
2x
Expansion
Error
Truncation
Round