JA 304:

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
CHAPTER 7
VALVE AND COOLING
VALVE

VALVE
TERMINOLOGY
Automotive engine valves are of
a poppet valve design.
The term poppet refers to the
shape of the valve and their
operation in automotive engines.

VALVE
TERMINOLOGY
The poppet-valve is most
commonly used because it offers
reasonable
weight, good strength and good
heat transfer characteristics

VALVE CONSTRUCTION
TERMINOLOGY

PURPOSE OF VALVE
The valve in the engine is
divided into two:
1. Intake valve
2.Exhaust valve

PURPOSE OF VALVE
The valve in the engine is divided
into two:
1. Intake valve to control the
entry of air-fuel mixture into the
combustion chamber
2.Exhaust valve to control the
waste products of combustion
(Exhaust gases)

VALVE SYSTEM
The valve is opened by means of a valve
train that is operated by a cam.
The cam follower through its eccentric
lobe converts the angular movement of
the
camshaft into a reciprocating movement.
This movement is directly proportional to
the amount the lobe profile that is
deviated from the base circle

SAMPLE QUESTION 1
Draw and label valve construction

VALVE SYSTEM
Camshaft operated

Valve operated by Camshaft

VALVE SYSTEM
Rocker-arm
A rocker-arm rocks or oscillates
about its pivot and relays the
push-rod up-anddown movement to the stem of
the poppet-valve. Therefore this
arm acts as a rocking beam.

VALVE SYSTEM
Rocker arm operated

Valve operated by rocker arm

VALVE SYSTEM
Intake valve usually larger than
exhaust valve because the
pressure forcing the charge into
the cylinder is much lower than
the pressure forcing exhaust
gases out of the cylinder

VALVE HEAD DESIGN

VALVE HEAD DESIGN

FLAT HEAD

OVAL HEAD

CONCAVE HEAD

RECESSED HEAD

SAMPLE QUESTION 2
List and sketch FOUR (4) types of
valve head design

VALVE MATERIAL
VALVE MATERIALS
Alloy steel
Alloys used in exhaust valve materials are largely of
chromium for oxidation resistance, with small
amounts of nickel, manganese, and nitrogen added.
Heat-treating is used whenever it is necessary to
produce special valve properties
Stellite
An alloy of nickel, chromium, and tungsten; Stellite
is nonmagnetic. Some valves use this product
just only on the tip of the valve to help reduce wear
in places where the rocker arm contacts. Stellite
is also used on some valve faces.

VALVE MATERIAL
VALVE MATERIALS

Inconal
A type of alloy containing nickel, chrome, and iron
and is used mostly in racing engines.
Titanium
About half the weight of conventional valves,
titanium reduces the tension on valve springs
resulting in higher RPM engine operation. The valve
stems are often moly coated to help prevent
sticking in the valve guide.

VALVE MATERIAL
VALVE MATERIALS
Stainless steel
Used in many heavy-duty applications, stainless
steel often uses chrome-plated valve stems and
Stellite tips to improve long-term durability.
Aluminised
The valve is aluminised where corrosion may be a
problem. Aluminised valve facing reduces valve
recession

VALVE SEATS
VALVE SEATS
Valve seat is defined as a circular surface that is
machined into the cylinder block or head. There
are two types of valve seats:
Integral
Insert

VALVE SEATS
VALVE SEATS
INTEGRAL SEATS

The valve face closes against a valve seat to seal

the combustion chamber. The seat is generally
formed as part of the cast-iron head of automotive
engines, called an integral seat.
The seats are usually induction hardened so that
unleaded gasoline can be used. This minimizes
valve recession as the engine operates. Valve
recession is the wearing away of the seat, so that
the valve sits farther into the head.

VALVE
VALVE SEATS
INTEGRAL SEATS

VALVE
VALVE SEATS
INSERT SEATS

An insert seat fits into a machined recess in the

steel or aluminium cylinder head. Insert seats are
used in all aluminium head engines and in
applications for which corrosion and wear
resistance are critical. Aluminium heads also
include insert valve guides.
The exhaust valve seat runs as much as 180F
(100C) cooler in aluminium heads than in castiron heads, because aluminium conducts heat
faster than cast iron. Insert seats are also used to
recondition integral valve seats that have been
badly damaged

VALVE
VALVE SEATS
INSERT SEATS

VALVE ROTATORS
Valve rotators are used on certain engines. If
valve are rotated a small amount each time they are
opened, valve life will be extended. This is especially
true when using leaded fuel. Below are the effects of
using valve rotators :
1. Minimize deposits of carbon on the stem of the
valve,
2. Keep the valve face and seat clean,
3. Prevent valve burning caused by localized hot
spots,
4. Prevent valve edge distortion,
5. Help
to
maintain
uniform
valve
head
temperatures,
6. Help to maintain even valve stem tip wear, and
7. Help to improve lubrication on the valve stem.

VALVE ROTATORS
There are several types of valve rotators. Most
operate on the principle that as the valve spring
compressed, small balls inside the rotator roll up an
inclined surface. This action causes the valve rotates
slightly as it is being compressed.

SAMPLE QUESTION 3
List FIVE (5) function of valve
rotator

VALVE COOLING

TERMINOLOGY
Intake valves control the inlet of cool, low-pressure
induction charges.
Exhaust valves handle hot, high-pressure exhaust
gases. This means that exhaust valves are exposed to
more severe operating conditions. They are, therefore,
made from much higher quality materials than the
intake valves, which makes them more expensive.
The valve is held in place and is positioned in the head
by the valve guide. The portion of the valve that seals
against the valve seat in the cylinder head is called the
valve face.

VALVE COOLING
INTAKE VALVE
Intake valve temperature is considerably lower than
exhaust valve temperature.
In coming air-fuel gases cool the intake valve while the
valve is open.
The valve seat has a great deal to do with good heat
transfer.

VALVE COOLING
HOTZONE ON AN EXHAUST VALVE
Exhaust valve temperature may reach approximately 704o
C to 815o C
This means that they are in fact running red hot.
The exhaust valve is closed approximately two third of
the time while the engine is running.
During this time that a large part of the heat is transferred
from the valve head to the seat.
The heat from the seat is transferred to the engine coolant.
The remaining heat transfer takes place from the valve
steam to the valve guide then to the engine coolant.

VALVE
HOTZONE ON AN EXHAUST VALVE

SAMPLE QUESTION 4
Explain how the intake and exhaust
valve were cooled.

HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER

FUNCTION OF HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER
Hydraulic valve lifter is a device for maintaining zero
valve clearance in aninternal combustion engine. The
hydraulic lifter was designed to ensure that the valve
train always operates with zero clearance, leading to
quieter operation and eliminating the need for
periodic adjustment of valve clearance.
a valve driven by the tappet, a plunger located
between the lifter body and the tappet, a reservoir
formed in the lifter body and being in fluid
communication with a hydraulic source

HYDRAULIC VALVE
LIFTER

HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER

OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER
Oil under pressure is forced into the tappet when
the valve is closed.
This pressure extends the plunger in the tappet
so that all valve clearance, or lash, is eliminated
The movement of the tappet forces the oil
upward in the lower chamber of the tappet
Then the tappet acts as though it were a simple,
one-piece tappet and the valve is opened.
When the lobe moves out from under the tappet
and the valve closes, the pressure in the lower
chamber of the tappet is relieved.