Fluid, Electrolyte and

Acid-Base Dynamics
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson
Concentration of
Solutions
• Percent Salt
– 0.9% NaCl
• Milliosmoles
– 300 milliosmoles/Liter
• Milliequivalents
– 325
milliequivalents/Liter
Osmosis
Osmosis
Hypertonic Solution

0.9%
NaCl

3% NaCl
 Cells Crenate in a
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution

0.9%
NaCl

0.5% NaCl
Cells in a Hypotonic Solution
Swell and May Lyse
Isotonic Solution

0.9%
NaCl

0.9% NaCl
Which Way Will Fluid Move?

300 mosm

310 mosm
 Application Problem 1
•Michael has recently started
working outdoors in the hot weather
to earn money for his tuition. After a
few days he experienced headaches,
low blood pressure and a rapid heart
rate. His blood sodium was down to
125 meq/L. The normal is 144
meq/L. How do you explain this?
 Answer to Problem 1
• Michael lost sodium by perspiration.
The low sodium in his blood allowed
fluid to move into cells by osmosis.
Lack of fluid lowered his blood
pressure to give him a headache. The
increased heart rate was his bodies way
of trying to increase blood pressure.
 Application Problem 2
•Frank has hypertension. His doctor
has advised Frank eat a low salt diet.
Frank consumed a lot of salt the day
before his last checkup. His blood
pressure was up. Why?
 Answer to Problem 2
• The extra salt Frank ate made his blood
hypertonic. Hypertonic blood will attract
fluids from body cells by osmosis.
 Electrolyte vrs.
Nonelectrolyte

NaCl Na + Cl
+ -

Glucose Glucose
Aldosterone
• Hormone secreted
from the adrenal
cortex
• Stimulates kidneys
– Retain sodium
• Retain water
– Secrete potassium
 Estrogen
• Female hormone from the ovaries
– Similar to aldosterone
• Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
• Increases fluid retention
 Cortisol
• Hormone from the adrenal cortex
• Converts lipids and protein to glucose
• Depress inflammation
• Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
• Increases fluid retention
– Elevated levels cause edema
 Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH
Collecting
Duct
ADH
H2O Hypertonic
Interstitial Fluid

Urine
Calcitonin
Calcium
Estrogen
Calcium
Parathormone
Calcium
 Blood pH = 7.4
(7.35-7.45)
Blood pH regulated by
1. Kidneys
2. Lungs
3. Buffers in blood
 H Secreted
+

HCO3 Rebsorbed
-

Blood H+

Kidney HCO3- Urine

Nephron
 Kidneys Regulate pH
• Excreting excess hydrogen ions, retain
bicarbonate
– if pH is too low
• Retaining hydrogen ions, excrete
bicarbonate
– if pH is too high
 Lungs Regulate pH
• Breath faster to get rid of excess carbon
dioxide if pH is too low
– Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the
blood
• Breath slower to retain carbon dioxide if pH
is too high
 Carbon Dioxide and Acid

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Carbonic Acid
 More Carbon Dioxide = More
Acid = Lower pH
• Breathing slower will retain CO2 , pH will
– decrease (more acid)
• Breathing faster will eliminate more CO2 pH
will
– increase (less acid)
 Blood pH Drops to 7.3
How does the body compensate?
• Breath faster to get rid
of carbon dioxide
– eliminates acid
 Blood pH Increases to 7.45
How does the body compensate?
• Breath slower to retain
more carbon dioxide
– retains more acid
John is Taking Narcotics for Pain
The narcotics have depressed his
breathing rate. What will happen
to his blood pH?
• pH will decrease
because he will retain
excess carbon dioxide
which will increase the
amount of acid in the
blood
 Buffers Regulate pH
• Chemicals that resist changes in pH
• Prevent large pH changes when an acid or
base is added
 Strong Acid
• Acid that releases many hydrogen ions
• HCl
 Weak Acid
• Acid that releases only a few hydrogen ions
• Carbonic Acid
 Buffers Change Strong Acids
to Weak Acids

HCl + NaOH H2CO3+ NaCl

Strong Base
Weak Acid Salt
Acid
Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid
• 20:1 = pH 7.4
• 21:1 = pH more than 7.4
• 19:1 = pH less than 7.4
 Acidosis
• pH below 7.35
• Depresses the nervous system
– coma
 Alkalosis
• pH above 7.45
• Overexcites the nervous system
– convulsions
 Respiratory Acidosis
• Any condition that impairs breathing
• Carbon dioxide increases in blood
• Excess carbon dioxide lowers pH
 Respiratory Alkalosis
• Hyperventilation
• Carbon dioxide decreases in blood
• Low carbon dioxide raises pH
 Metabolic Acidosis
• Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide
imbalance
• Excess acid in blood
– Renal disease, Diabetes or Starvation
• Deficiency of bicarbonate in blood
– Diarrhea
 Metabolic Alkalosis
• Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide
imbalance
• Deficiency of acid in the blood
– Vomiting, Diuretics
• Excess bicarbonate in the blood
– Ingesting sodium bicarbonate
 Sodium
• Attracts water into the ECF
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contractions
 Hypernatremia
• Excess sodium in the blood
• Hypertension
• Muscle twitching
• Mental confusion
• Coma
 Hyponatremia
• Deficiency of sodium in the blood
• Hypotension
• tachycardia
• Muscle weakness
 Potassium
• Attracts water into the ICF
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contractions
 Hyperkalemia
• Excess potassium in the blood
• Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
• Elevated T wave
• Muscle weakness
 Hypokalemia
• Deficiency of potassium in the blood
• Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
• Flatened T wave
• Muscle weakness
 Calcium
• Most in bones and teeth
• Blood clotting
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contraction
 Hypercalcemia
• Excess calcium in the blood
• Kidney stones
• Bone pain
• Cardiac arrhythmias
 Hypocalcemia
• Deficiency of calcium in the blood
• Tetany
• Weak heart muscle
• Increased clotting time
 Aldosteronism
• Excess production of aldosterone
• Elevated sodium levels
• Depressed potassium levels
• Hypertension
 Addison’s Disease
• Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex
– Hyposecretion of Aldosterone
– Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids
• Hormones that convert protein sugar
• Hypotension
– Sodium deficiency
• Low blood sugar
– Not enough glucocorticoids
 Cushing’s Syndrome
• Excess glucocorticoids
– Tumor of adrenal gland
– Side effect of steroid drugs
• cortisone
• Hyperglycemia
• Fat accumulation
– Abdomen
– Back of neck (buffalo hump)
 Insulin

Cell

Glucose Blood
 Diabetes Mellites
• Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
• Hyperglycemia
• Glycosurea
• Polyurea
• Thirst
• Body burns more fat
– Ketone bodies
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Fat deposits in arteries
– Heart Attack, Stroke, Poor Circulation
 Antidiuretic Hormone
Collecting ADH
Duct

ADH
H2O Hypertonic
Interstitial Fluid

Urine
 Diabetes Insipidus
• Hyposecretion of ADH
• Increased urine volume
THE END