Chapter Objectives

Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure

vessels
Determine stresses developed in a members cross
section when axial load, torsion, bending and shear
occur simultaneously.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Attendance
As of 18 September
168 register for EPT 341
91 RK 13
77 RK 84

Where do you see Thin Walled

Pressure Vessel?

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

Assumptions:
1. Inner-radius-to-wall-thickness ratio 10
2. Stress distribution in thin wall is uniform or constant
. Cylindrical vessels:

pr
Hoop direction : 1
t
pr
Longitudinal stress : 2
2t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Where do you see Cylindrical

Vessel?
When the vessel
has closed ends, the
internal pressure
acts on them
develop a force
along the axis of
cylinder. This is
known as axial or
longitudinal stress.

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

(cont)

Spherical vessels:

pr
2
2t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Where do you see Spherical

Vessel?

EXAMPLE 1
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m
and a thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal
pressure it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor
its longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under
the same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel can sustain?

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
The maximum stress occurs in the circumferential direction.

pr
1
t
p 600
140
12
p 2.8 N/mm 2 28 MPa (Ans)
The stress in the longitudinal direction will be 2 1 140 70 MPa
2

The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material

at the inner wall of the vessel and is outer diameter
3(max) p 2.8 MPa

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions on an
element of the vessel is

pr
2
2t
p 600
140
212
p 5.6 N/mm 2 5.6 MPa (Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Problem 8.3

Assignment
Get into group of 5
Do problem 8.1 - 8.10
Submit next week

Mini Project

Why meriam buluh fail ?

Combined Loading

What is Combined Loading?

Combination of what you have learned in
Solid Mechanics I

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES

Normal force P leads to:

P
uniform normal stress ,
A

Shear force V leads to:

VQ
shear stress distribution,
It

Bending moment M leads to:

My
longitudinal stress distribution,
(for straight beam)
I
My
or
(for curved beam)
Ae R y

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Normal Force

Shear formula
VQ
shear stress distribution,
It
The shear stress in the member at the point located
a distance y from the neutral axis. This stress is
assumed to be constant and therefore averaged across the width t of the member.
V
I
t
Q

The internal resultant force shear force, determined from the method of sections and the equations of
equilibrium
The moment of intertia of the entire cross-sectional area calculated about the neutral axis.

The width of the members cross sectional area, measure at the point where shear stress is to be
determined
yA, where A is the area of the top (or bottom) portion of the members cross-sectional area , above (or
below) the section plane where t is measured and y is the distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of
A.

Shear Force

Bending moment
My
(for straight beam)
I
My
or
(for curved beam)
Ae R y

longitudinal stress distribution,

A = cross sectional area of the member.

R = distance measured from the center of curvature to the neutral axis
r_ = distance measure from the center of curvature to the centroid of the
cross section
e = centroid = r R

Bending Moment

REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES (cont)

Torsional moment T leads to:
T
shear stress distribution,
(for circular shaft)
J
T

(for closed thin - walled tube)

2 Amt
Am mean _ area _ enclosed _ within _ the _ boundary _ of _ the _ centerline
Resultant stresses by superposition:
Once the normal and shear stress components for each
loading have been calculated, use the principal of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear
stress components.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Torsional Moment

Where do you use combined

loading?
Billboard advertising
Usually you can see
at highways

EXAMPLE 2
A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in
Fig. 83a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
state of stress at points B and C.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 15 000 N
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 000 Nmm
about the centroidal or principal axis.

P
15000

3.75 MPa
A 100 40
The maximum stress is

max

Mc
75000 50

11.25 MPa
1
I
40100 3
12

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
The location of the line of zero stress can be determined by proportional
triangles
75
15

x 100 x
x 33.3 mm

Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial

stress.
B 7.5 MPa (tension) (Ans)
C 15 MPa (compression) (Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4
The member shown in Fig. 85a has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state of stress that the loading produces
at point C.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a
shear force, and a bending moment.
Solving, N 16.45 kN, V 21.93 kN, M 32.89 kN

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.

P 16.45 103
At Point C, c

1.32 MPa
A 0.05 0.25
In Fig. 85e, the shear stress is zero.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Point C is located at y = c = 0.125m from the neutral axis, so the normal
stress at C, Fig. 85f, is

Mc 32.89 103 0.125

c

63.16 MPa
3
1
I
2 0.05 0.25

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
The shear stress is zero.
Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive
stress at C having a value of

Mc
1.32 63.16 64.5 MPa
I

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular block of negligible weight in Fig. 86a is
subjected to a vertical force of 40 kN, which is applied to its
corner. Determine the largest normal stress acting on a section
through ABCD.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
For uniform normal-stress distribution the stress is

P
40

125 kPa
A 0.8 0.4
For 8 kN, the maximum stress is

max

M x cx

Ix

8 0.2
375 kPa
3
1
12 0.8 0.4

For 16 kN, the maximum stress is

max

M y cx
Iy

16 0.4
375 kPa
3
1
12 0.4 0.8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection the normal stress at point C is the largest since each
loading creates a compressive stress there

c 125 375 375 875 kPa (Ans)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Assignment
Get into group of 5
Do problem 8.30 8.40
Submit next week

Miniproject
All about Signboard
Show pictures of YOU
Measuring the signboard
Assume the worst case
scenario for the signboard,
Find the largest stress
at a pole of the signboard