Availability of vaccines global eradication of smallpox and virtual elim of

polio, dipth, tet.

Protection of individuals from disease c. vaccines can take 2 forms 1)
Passive & 2) active immunization. Active immunization involves injection of
mod / purified pathogens or their products.

Passive imm, not activate the immune system, therefore no memory

generated. Not permanent disappears > few wks mths as Igs cleared from
serum
Injecting recipient c. preformed Igs obtained from human (occ. Horse) serum.
Use to provide immediate protection to individuals who have been exposed to
an infectious org & who lack active immunity to that pathogen. Pooled plasma
contains normal repertoire of ABS for an adult
Eg > needlestick injury c. Hep B
Other indications:
2. Aleviate symptoms of ongoing disease VZV- used to prevent
dissemination in immunosuppressed.

Passive imm, not activate the immune system, therefore no memory

generated. Not permanent disappears > few wks mths as Igs cleared from
serum
Injecting recipient c. preformed Igs obtained from human (occ. Horse) serum.
Use to provide immediate protection to individuals who have been exposed to
an infectious org & who lack active immunity to that pathogen. Pooled plasma
contains normal repertoire of ABS for an adult
Eg > needlestick injury c. Hep B
Other indications:
2. Aleviate symptoms of ongoing disease VZV- used to prevent
dissemination in immunosuppressed.

Injection of viable / non-viable pathogens or purified pathogen product-prompting immune system to respond as if being attacked by intact org.
Can combine active & passive immunization -eg > needlestick ? Exp to Hep B
Hep B Ig (passive) + Hep B active immunization to provide post-exposure
prophylaxis

Attenuated (weakened) pathogens stop clinical consequences of infection.

Reproduce in recipient more robust & long-lasting immune response than
killed. Usu provides cell-mediated immunity

This slide is a representation of traditional whole virus vaccine

approaches.

Examples of Killed-pathogens that are vaccines:

Typhoid fever
Cholera
Pertussis
Typhoid fever
Plague (Y. pestis)
Anthrax
Polio (Salk - PO)
Hep A
Influenza
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis

Attenuated = avirulent limited in ability to cause disease. Useful for

protection vs infections caused by enveloped viruses, which ned T-cell
immune responses for resolution of infection. Examples of live attenuated
pathogens that are used are vaccines:
Typhoid fever
BCG
(Salmonella)
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Chickenpox
Polio (Sabin)

Efficacy of this vaccine depends on whether the ag in the vaccine is present

in all strains of the org
Eg there are > 80 serotyoes of S pneumoniae but the vaccine only protects
vs 23 serotypes. Some orgs also change their antigenic determinants eg
influenza virus - therefore need to change the vaccine regularly.
Examples of microbial extracts used as vaccines:
B. Pertussis Ag
*Hib
Diphtheria (Tox)
*Meningococcal
*Pneumococcal
Tetanus (TOX)
Hep B

Vaccines can produce humoral immunity thro B cell proliferation leading to

antibody production may / may not involve helper T cells.
Eg Pneumococcal polysaccharide & polysaccharide of Hib, induce B cell type
specific protective AB without involvement of CD4(helper). These T-cell
independent responses charact. By low AB titres esp children < 18 mths
age. Therefore conventional Hib polysaccharide vaccine not provide
protection for children 3 -18 mths. but if covalently bind Haem polysacc. to a
protein ag eg Diphth toxoid protein Haem vaccine can produce a T cell
dependent AB response even in 3 mth old infants.