force
Ø One particle moving under a
central force.
CENTRAL FORCE
• Derive from potential energy
function ,function only of
distance of particle from
origin.
• Spherically symmetry. V=v(r)
Ø The relation between force (F) and
potential (P).
Ø
Ø
Ø Since V is the function only on r
Ø
Ø Hence
Ø
Ø
Ø The equation become
QM of a single particle to a
central force.
Ø The Hamiltonian operator
• where
Ø Transform these coordinate to
laplacian operator (square each
operators).
Ø This will result
•
Ø
Ø Gives the operator for square of
magnitude of orbital angular
momentum of a single particle L^2.
Ø
Ø
Ø The Hamiltonian becomes
Ø In classical mechanics a particle
subject to a central force has
angular momentum conserve.
Ø In quantum mechanics has definite
values for both energy and angular
momentum.
Ø The commutator of H and L must be
vanish.
Ø Set the simultaneous eigenfunction of
Ĥ, L^ and L^2 for a central-force
problem.
Ø Let the ψ denote of these common
eigentfunction.
•
Ø
Ø So, the Schrödinger equation become
Ø
Non interacting particles
Ø The particles exert no force on each
other and the classical-mechanical
energy is sum of energy of two
particles.
Ø
Ø The Hamiltonian operator is
Ø Where Ĥ only involve coordinate q
1 1
two particles.
Hydrogen like atom
Ø Discussing atom or molecule,
considering isolate system
Ø Ignoring interatomic and
intermolecular interaction.
Ø Treat just as hydrogen atom- 1
electron and a nucleus of charge
Ze.
Ø Hydrogen Z=1
Ø Hydrogen like atom is the most
important system in QM.
Ø Schrödinger equation for atom with
more than one electron can’t be
obtained- interelectronic repulsion.
Ø So we assume no repulsion so
electron can be treated
independently.
Ø Atomic wave function will be
approximate by a product of one
electron function.
Ø A one-electron wave function is called
orbital.
Ø An orbital for an electron in an atom
is called atomic orbital.
Ø Atomic orbital's is use to construct
approximate wave function for
many-electron atoms or for wave
function for molecule.
Ø
Ø
Degeneracy
Ø For bound state(transition state), the
energy depends only on n. but
wavefunction depend on all three
quantum number n, l, and m.
• n = 1, 2, 3, …..
• l = 0, 1, 2, 3, …,n – 1
• m = -l, -1, +1…0…l – 1 , l
Ø
Ø
Ø Degeneracy - when different value of
l or m but have same value of n and
have the same energy. Except for n
= 1.
Ø For each value of l, the value of m is
2l+1.
Ø The degree of degeneracy of bound
state level of hydrogen like atom for
discreet level is found n square.
Ø For continuum levels for a given
energy there is no restriction on the
maximum value of l hence these
levels are infinity-fold degenerate.
(no discreet).
Ø The bound energy of hydrogen like
atom is discrete.
Ø The change in n are allowed so the
wave number of hydrogen spectral
lines are
Ø
Ø
Ø