Biofisika Radiasi

KESTABILAN & PELURUHAN

INTI

Rahadi Wirawan

Semua materi tersusun dari kombinasi

unsur-unsur.
Berdasarkan karakteristik kimianya, unsur-unsur
disusun pada tabel periodik.

Atom merupakan bagian terkecil yang

memiliki karakteristik materi tersebut.

Neutrons and protons are collectively

referred to as nucleons.

1)Protons (nucleus)
1)Positive charge
2)Large mass
2)Neutrons
(nucleus)
1)No charge
2)Large mass
3)Electrons
1)Negative
charge
2)Small mass

The atoms are made up of a nucleus containing most of the mass,

and of electrons.
The nucleus is a bound state of protons and neutrons held together
by the strong nuclear force.
The charge of the nucleus is equal to the number of protons.
The mass of the nucleus is about 1% smaller than the sum of the
masses of the constituent neutrons and protons.
The difference is due to the binding energy of the nucleus.

The binding energy per nucleon for all

stable elements.

Definisi:
Nomor Atom (Z): Jumlah proton-proton (elektron)
dalam suatu atom netral.
Massa Atom(A): Jumlah neutron-neutron dan proton
pada suau atom.
Bilangan Neutron (N): Jumlah neutron pada suatu
atom tertentu.
Isotop: Atom-atom dengan Z sama namun A
berbeda.
A
Z

Conto
h:

236

92

dimana N=AZ

Definisi: Atomic Mass Unit (u) = 12th of the

mass of 12C
1 u=1.6610-27 kg (very
small)

N=Z

N>Z

Light stable isotopes (Z<20) have N approximately

equal to Z
Heavy stable isotopes (Z>20) have N greater than
Z.
Neutrons act as spacers to reduce electric

Proton Mass
= 1.007277 u
Neutron Mass
= 1.008665 u
Neutron Mass + Proton Mass
= 2.015942 u
Deuteron Mass

= 2.013553 u

Missing Mass (N + P D)

= 0.002389 u

What happened to the mass?????

Answer: It is converted into binding energy according
to Einsteins mass energy relation

E = mc2
For the deuteron example, this is 2.15 MeV of energy.
If we want to break the deuteron apart we must give
this energy back.

What is actually more important is the binding

energy per nucleon.
Untuk Deuterium BE/A= 2.15MeV/2= 1.075Mev

Atomic Mass (A)

Iron has the highest binding

energy per nucleon.
This is the most stable element in nature in that it
requires more energy per particle to break it apart
than anything else.
Fusion energy comes from combining light elements
to make heavier ones (increase binding energy per
nucleon for elements lighter than iron).
Fission energy comes from breaking heavy elements
into lighter ones (increase binding energy per
nucleon for elements heavier than iron).

Radioactive decay is a natural process. An atom

of a radioactive isotope will spontaneously decay
into another element through one of three common
processes:
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Spontaneous fission (not always included)
Electron Capture (not always included)
In the process, four different kinds of radioactive
rays are produced:
Alpha rays
Beta rays
Gamma rays
Neutron rays (not always included)
In a radioactive decay, the atomic number
and atomic mass of the decay products must
equal the atomic number and atomic mass of

After decaying,
radioactive atoms
change into
other atom

Peluruhan Inti

2 protons & 2 neutrons

Neutron decays into a proton

& an electron is given off

Only Energy is release

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two

neutrons, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.

A sheet of paper or a persons surface layer of

skin will stop them.
Alpha particles are only considered hazardous to
a persons health if they are ingested or inhaled
and thus come into contact with sensitive cells
such as in the lungs, liver and bones.

Examples of Alpha Decay

Beta particles are electrons emitted from the

nuclei of many fission products.

They can travel a few feet in air but can usually be stopped by
clothing or a few centimeters of wood.
They are considered hazardous mainly if ingested or inhaled, but
can cause radiation damage to the skin if the exposure is large
enough.
Unstable Neutron decays into a proton.

Examples of Beta
Decay

Beta Decay with

Gamma Radiation

Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic

radiation (like light, radio, and television) that
come from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
Occurs when an unstable nucleus emits
electromagnetic radiation. The radiation has no mass,
and so its emission does not change the element.
They penetrate matter easily and are best stopped by
water or thick layers of lead or concrete.
Gamma radiation is hazardous to people inside and
outside of the body.

Examples of Gamma
Decay

 However, gamma radiation often accompanies

alpha and beta emission, which do change the
element's identity.
Gamma rays have the lowest ionizing power,
but the highest penetrating power.