Chapter 1

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

CLO1- Explain effectively computer function,

input, output and central processing unit in
computer system. (C2, PLO1)

1.1 Explain the computer functions

and
interconnection

Define computer architecture and computer

organization
Computer Organization The way the hardware
component operate and the way they are connected
together to form the computer system. Computer
organization deals with structural relationships that
are not visible to the programmer such as interface to
peripheral devices, the clock frequency, and the
technology used for the memory.
Computer Organization is an electronic device,
operating under the control of instruction
stored in its own memory unit, that can accept
data (input), manipulate the data according to
specified rules (process), produce information
(output) from the processing, and store the
result for future use.
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 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE deals with the

functional behavior of a computer system as
viewed by a programmer (like the size of a data
type 32 bits to an integer).
There is a concept of levels in computer
architecture. The basic considered, from the
highest level, where the user is running
programs, to the lowest level, consisting of
transistors and wires.
Computer Architecture The structure and
functional behavior of the computer as seen by
the user/programmer

Computer
Architecture

Computer
Organisation

is about attributes in computer

is about component that linked

system as viewed by

with

programmer

operational unit of a computer

Example : hardware
system
technology,

and
have :ainstruction
direct impact
Example
set,to
logic
arithmetic,
execution
a program.
addressingofmodes
and input
architecture may maintained for
output
year
hundred
mechanisme.
s
one computer model, for example

interface, memory technology

and
organisation may change as
control
rapid signal.
changes of technology

Intel
x86; may maintained its architecture
but
differ in its organisation
3

Interconnection structures within a

computer system

Five major operations of computer system

The input operation recognizes input from

keyboard or mouse.
The processing operation manipulates data
according to the users instructions.

The output operation sends output to the

video screen
or printer.

The storage operation keeps track of files

for use later. Examples of storage devices

Basic organization of computer

system

Basic computer system

The von Neumann Model of a digital

computer

The von Neumann model consists of five major

components. The input unit provides the instruction and
data to the system and subsequently stored in the
memory unit. The instruction and data are processed by
the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) under the direction
of the control unit. The results are sent to the output
unit.
1945: John von Neumann
wrote a report on the stored program concept,known
as the First
Draft of a Report on EDVAC
The basic structure proposed in the draft became known
as the von Neumann machine (or model).
a memory, containing instructions and data
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a processing unit, for performing arithmetic and

The Von Neuman Model

Input Unit

Provides instruction and data to the

system

ALU
Unit

Where instructions and data are

processed

Control
Unit

Directs the processes in ALU

unit

Memory
Unit

Stores
data

Output
Unit

Where the results are

sent
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THE COMPUTER : TOP LEVEL

STRUCTURE

3 Basic Computer Functional Units Control the

Operations of a Computer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The arithmetic-logic unit of most computer capable of
performing addition, subtraction, division and
multiplication as well as some logical operations.
Control Unit (CU)
The control section sequences the operation of the
computer, controlling the actions of all other unit. The
control circuitry interprets the instructions that
constitute the program and direct the rest of the
machine in its operation. The control unit also tells the
arithmetic-logic unit which operation to perform and
then sees that the necessary numbers are supplied.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU) are
bundled into a single processor that serves as the
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central processing unit (CPU)

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Computers bus
In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that
transfers data between components inside a
computer, or between computers.
A bus is a shared transmission medium. When used to
connect major computer components (CPU, memory,
I/O) is called a system bus.

Bus line (parallel)

Parallelis an action that is performed at the same
time as another. For example, a communication that
sends multiplebits(e.g. 4 bits) of data each second.
Bus line (series)
Serialis a term used to describe the process of
transmitting information onebitat a time,

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Computers bus Common Characteristics

a) Multiple devices communicating over a single set
of wires.
b) Each line or wire of a bus can at any time one time
contain single binary digit. Over time, however, a
sequence of binary digits may be transferred.
c) These lines may and often do send information in
parallel
d) Only one device can talk at a time or the message
is garbled
e) Computer system may contain a number of
different buses.
f) We measure data transfer by two metrics :
i. Total number of bits we can transfer in parallel.
This is called the width of data. Width is a key
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factor in determining overall system

The Bus System Model Bus interconnection

A refinement of the Von Neumann model, the system
bus
model has a CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an
input/output
Most important to the system bus model, the
communications among the components are by means
of a shared pathway called the system bus, which is
made up of the data bus (which carries the
information being transmitted), the address bus
(which identifies where the information is being sent),
and the control bus (which describes aspects of how
the information is being sent, and in what manner).
(Remember!!!!!)

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Data Bus
The bidirectional data bus, sometimes called the
memory bus, handles the transfer of alldataand
instructions between functional areas of the
computer.
The bidirectional data bus can only transmit in
one direction at a time.
The data bus is used to transfer instructions from
memory to the CPU for execution. It carries data
(operands) to and from the CPU and memory as
required by instruction translation.
The data bus is also used to transfer data between
memory and the I/O section during input/output
operations.
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Address Bus
The address bus consists of all the signals necessary to
define any of the possible memory address locations
within the computer, or for modular memories any of
the possible memory address locations within a
module.
An address is defined as a label, symbol, or other set of
characters used to designate a location or register
where information is stored.
Before data or instructions can be written into or read
from memory by the CPU or I/O sections, an address
must be transmitted to memory over the address bus..
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Control Bus
The control bus is used by the CPU to direct and
monitor the actions of the other functional areas of the
computer.
It is used to transmit a variety of individual signals
(read, write, interrupt, acknowledge, and so forth)
necessary to control and coordinate the
operations of the computer.
The individual signals transmitted over the control bus
and their functions are covered in the appropriate
functional area description.

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The System Bus / Internal Bus

System bus is the communication among the
component are by means of shared path way

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Types of computers

Bus

Internal Bus (system bus/front-side bus)

Internal Bus Internal bus connect all the
internal component of the computer such as
CPU, memory and motherboard.
Its also refer to as local bus because they
are very much involved in the local device.
This is very fast and independent from rest of
the system.
Its main purpose allows the processor to
communicate with RAM.

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Types of computers Bus

External Bus (expansion bus)

The external bus, also known as expansion
bus, is made up of the electronic pathways that
connect the different external devices, such as
monitor, printer etc, to the computer. These
external devices connect to ports on the back of the
computer.

Those ports are actually part of a small circuit

board or 'card' that fits into a connector on your
motherboard inside the case.

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High Performance Bus

24

Expansion Bus Type

number of devices and functions.

typically add a peripheral card to an

existing bus slot. The following list are
common expansion buses in a PC system:
1. Accelerated Graphics Port

2
.
3
.
4

Periphera
Componen Interconnec Expres (PCIe
(AGP)
l

t
t
s
)
Componen Interconnec (PCI)

Mini-PCI
Peripher t

t
15

a 64-bit bus,
though it is
usually
implemented
as a 32-bit bus.
It can run at
clock speeds of

Accelerated
Graphics
Port
based on the PCI
slot but designed
for
graphical
throughput

double
the
rate of PCI and
uses two serial
rather
than
one
parallel
data bus.

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Accelerated Graphics Port

(AGP)

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Questions

1. What are the five basic operations performed by the

computer?
2. What is the full form of ALU, CU and CPU.
3. Choose the correct answer.
i. The unit which of performs arithmetic and logical
operations is called :
(a) ALU (b) editing (c) storage (d) output
ii. The ALU and CU jointly are known as
(a) RAM (b) ROM (c) CPU (d) none of the above
iii. The process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information is called.
(a) output (b) input (c) processing (d) storage
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1. 1. The five basic operations that a computer performs are input,

storage, processing,
output and control.
2. ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU : Control Unit
CPU : Central Processing Unit
3. i - a
ii - c
iii -a

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Questions

1. What does a computer bus do?

a. Creates a back-up of critical information about your
computer
b. Stores data from the main memory onto the hard
disk drive
c. Manages the connections of peripheral devices
d. Transfers data between components of a computer
system
2. What is a front-side bus?
a. A type of CPU where the memory is integrated into the
chip
b. A older version of the USB connection system
c. The connectors at the front of your computer system
d. Part of the system bus that connects the CPU to the main
memory and the input/output devices

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