DYNAMIC TEXTILES

DR. S. P. MISHRA
 Textiles

 We require Textiles
Protection against the elements,
To create attention
For modesty.
 Textile
A type of material composed of natural or
synthetic fibres.
This include animal-based material such as wool
or silk, plant-based material such as linen and
cotton, and synthetic material such as polyester
and rayon.
Textiles are often associated with the production
of clothing.
 The start of Textiles

Hand weaving
Hand spinning
Hand picking

They have come a long way!

Where would it like to go today?
 TE X TILES TODAY

Textiles are indispensable part of human life.

They are used mainly to cover the human body
for protection against all the adversities.
Technological innovations have also made it
possible for textile industry to offer technical
solutions to the multiple end-users in the
different industries.
 Global Textile Industry
 A variety of textile and nonwoven fabrics are used worldwide in
different applications such as apparel, household textiles and
industrial and technical products.
 The total world fibre consumption is around 59 million tons.
 It is predicted that global production of woven fabrics will reach
more than 35 million tons in 2010 and Asia is one of the key
regions for growth.
 TEXTILE INDUSTRY
 Typical industrial sector representing global flow of
materials, chemicals processing machinery, finished products
and ideas.
 The industry is in midst of enhancing their capability to
produce and market high quality and added value products
with emphasis on new technology, design, marketing and
management.
 The textile industry plays a vital role in the economies of
many developing countries.
 TEXTILE INDUSTRY TODAY
 Being highly innovative
 Being highly efficient
 Having leading edge R&D agenda
 Exploiting new technological frontiers
 Producing highly functional products
 Producing high-level designed products
 Having strategic partnerships with many non-
traditional industrial sectors
 Developments
 Since the 19th Century, revolutionary changes
have been occurring at an unprecedented rate in
science and technology with a profound impact
on our lives
 Inventions of ICs, computers, the Internet,
discovery and complete mapping of the human
genome, and many more have transformed the
entire world
 We have also learnt a lot from nature!
 Developments in Textiles
Solid foundations of scientific understanding have been
laid to guide the improved usage and processing
technology of natural fibres and the manufacturing of
synthetic fibres
The technology has progressed so that manufactured
fibres and their products surpass natural fibres in many
aspects
Textiles can now be designed for specialized applications
Biological routes for synthesizing polymers or textile
processing represent an environmentally friendly,
sustainable way of utilizing natural resources
 Areas in Textiles
Apparel Textiles

Home & Furnishing Textiles

Technical Textiles
 Technical Textiles

 Technical textiles are materials meeting

high technical and quality requirements
(mechanical, thermal, electrical,
durability...) giving them the ability to
offer technical functions
 Technical Textiles
 These materials are used primarily for their
technical performance and functional
properties rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics.
 Technical textiles are used individually or as a
component/part of another product to enhance
its functional properties.
 Technical Textile Product
Development
Design

Expression of needs by the end-user

Functional requirements
Checking of
Technical textile design the
accordance
Material requirements

Performance evaluation, testing specification

 Product Characteristics
 Function  Application specific
 Performance  Specific performance & function
requirements
 End-Use  Used as main materials or
components in finished products
 Application  No fashion factors: color, hand,
luster
 Design &  Performance and cost most
engineering relevant.
 Manufacturing Process
 Fibre  Weaving: 2-D, 3- D
 Yarn  Knitting: warp, weft
 Film  Non-woven
 Knit  Resin coating
 Braided  Composite: multilayer
 Woven lamination
 Non-woven

 Composite
 Functional Textiles
TEXTILES

Apparel Textiles
Home Textiles

ENDUSERS

Technical Textiles
Industrial Textiles

A new concept:
Functional Textiles
Functional Textiles

1. Protective
2. Smart
3. Intelligent
 Functional Textiles
Functional Textiles = Textile + Adding value
By chemical or physical modifications to create
new functions such as:
 ion exchange properties

 antidustmites

 adaptative or smart functions

 compatibility with environment or

 other materials
 Appearance
Durability
Retention
HIGH
PERFORMANCE

Comfort Protection

Engineered / Smart Textile

Materials
Sustainable Resource No Environmental Harm

Safe Human Use

 Engineered Textiles
 Engineered textiles are materials that are developed
and/or designed for a special need or application
where a very high performance is required

 Engineered textiles may combine fabrics with glass,

ceramics, metal, or carbon to produce lightweight
hybrids with incredible properties. Sophisticated
finishes, such as silicone coatings and holographic
laminates, transform color, texture, and even form.
 Smart Textiles

 Smart/interactive textiles (SIT) are

materials and structures that sense and
react to environmental conditions or
stimuli, such as those from mechanical,
thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic or
other sources.
 Smart textiles
Smart textiles are understood as textile materials
and clothes that
 Measure

 React

 Show advanced reaction

 (with or without electronics)

 Have electronic related functionalities

 Smart Textiles
Smart Textiles can be divided into:
 Passive smart materials, which can only sense the
environmental condition or stimuli,
 Active smart materials, which sense and react to the condition or
stimuli,
 Very smart materials, which can sense, react and adapt
themselves accordingly, and
 Intelligent materials, which are those capable of responding or
activated to perform a function in a manual or pre-programmed
manner
 Smart Textiles
• Clothing with its own senses and brain are
integrated with Global Positioning Systems
(GPS) and mobile phone technology to
provide the position of the wearer and
directions
• Garments integrated with sensors and
motherboards can detect and transmit injury
and health information of the wearer
 Smart Technology
 We are inspired to mimic nature in order to create
clothing materials with higher levels of functions and
smartness
 Cloning silk fibres was a first step
 Can the skin a smart material - be mimicked?
 The skin has sensors that can detect pressure, pain, ambient
conditions,etc. and can intelligently function with
environmental stimuli
 Wearable Technology

Any electronic device that is small enough

to be worn or carried on the body.

Application fields are:

• Working: displaying helpful data,
connecting to the internet or to other
people
• Medicine: monitoring health parameters
• Security: detecting danger, calling for
help
 Wearable Technology
Clothing is currently supposed to
have more functions than just certain
climatic protection and good look.
These functions can be referred to
wearing and durability properties.

Integrated with nano-materials, textiles are imparted

with very high energy absorption capacity and other
functions such as stain proofing, abrasion resistance,
light emission, etc.
 Wearable Technology
A revolutionary new property of
clothing is to exchange
information. Clothing is now
capable of recording, analyzing,
storing, sending and displaying
data, which is a new dimension if
intelligent systems. Clothing can
extend the user’s senses, augment
the view of reality and provide
useful information anytime and
anywhere the user goes.
 3-layer interlock woven structure
Multi-layered woven structures
can increase thermal and fire
protection by adding controlled
air gaps. They can be tailored air gaps
to provide other features such
as an anti-static system, and
physiological comfort 5-layer interlock woven structure

In a structured layered system,

smart features may be added and
supported by the matrix formed
 In coming Materials
 Biopolymers  Nanofibres
 Conductive polymers  Bicomponent fibres
 Nanoadditives  Elastic fibres
 Nano-particles  Smart yarns
 Nanofinishes  Conductive yarns
 Nanocoatings  Elastic yarns
 Shape memory  Hybrid yarns
polymers (SMP)
 Nanomaterials
 Structured Materials with at least one dimensions less
than 100 nm

 One dimensions – thin films, surface coatings

 Two dimensions – nanowires, nanotubes

 Three dimensions – particles, colloids,

nanocrystalline materials
 Properties of Nanomaterials
 Increased surface area and quantum effects

 Can change or enhance properties like

reactivity, mechanical behaviour.

 Can change or enhance optical , magnetic or

electrical properties.
 Improvements due to Nanomaterials
 Mechanical properties (e.g. strength, modulus and dimensional
stability)
 Permeability (decreased) to gases, water and hydrocarbons
 Thermal stability and heat distortion temperature
 Flame retardancy and reduced smoke emissions
 Chemical resistance
 Surface appearance
 Electrical conductivity
 Optical clarity in comparison to conventionally filled polymers.

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 NANOPARTICLES

Manufacturing routes :
Wet Chemical Process
Mechanical Process
Form – in – place Process
Gas Phase Synthesis Process
Fibres for Smart Textiles
 NANOFIBRES
 Properties
 large specific
surface area
 high porosity
 small pore size
 diameter range
(50 – 1000) nm
 NANOFIBRES
 Material
 Polymer solutions or melts
 More than 30 polymers, including Polyethylene
oxide, DNA, Polyaramids, and Polyaniline, have
been electrospun.
 These fibres can be made of variety organic (Nylon,
Polyester, Acryl) or biological polymers (proteins,
collagens).
 PVA, PS, PAN, but also peptide amphiphiles or
cellulose.
Melt Blowing
Microfibre or Nanofibre
Splitting Technology
Sea–Island Bicomponent System
Electrospinning technology

0.1 – 1 grams/hour
 Process
 In the process a high voltage is used to create an
electrically charged stream of polymer solution or melt.
 The solution is then spun through a capillary.
 Due to high voltage electric field between the tip of
capillary and a grounded collector, Taylor cone is
formed at the tip of capillary producing sub-micron in
diameter fibres.
 Fibres solidify as the polymer solvent evaporates and
create an interlinked fibre layer on the surface of the
collector.
 Nanocomposite fibres

 Blend fibres containing the polymeric nano

dispersed phase
 Mass pigmented fibres using hyper
dispersants, nanocolorants, nanopigments
 Fibres containing an inorganic nanoadditives
(clays)
 Fibres modified by metal or metal containing
nanoparticles
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 Encapsulation by Electrospinning

Small insoluble particles that were dispersed to the solution

were electrospun in nanofibre.
Those particles can be encapsulated in the dry nanofibre.
Polymer nanofibre and nonwoven mats of nanofibre provided
the matrix that supports such additives.
Several useful substances were incorporated into electrospun
fibres.
Zinc oxide, silver sulfadiozine, living cells, gold particles,
carbon nanofibre, and pollens were all capsulated into
nanofibre by electrospinning.
 Surface functionalizing using
nanotechnology
mechanical
properties
effect color bio-compatible

hydrophilic or
antistatic hydrophobic
Functionalized
Polymer Surfaces
odor UV-protection

antiscraping
flame retardant

wear resistance easy to clean

Composite materials reinforced by
nanofibers

Internal structure of
the composite
reinforced by layer of
nanofibre found from
optical microscope.
 Nano Technology
 Nano-fibers 1/1000 the size of a typical cotton fiber are attached to the
individual fibres. The changes to the fibres are undetectable and do not
affect the natural hand and breathability of the fabric

Nano-fibers attached to Nano-fibers cause

cotton fibers liquids to roll off
 Nano Technology
 Nano-particles are permanently attached to cotton or synthetic fibres. The
change occurs at the molecular level, and the particles can be configured to
imbue the fabric with various attributes. Nano-technology combines the
performance characteristics associated with synthetics with the hand and feel
of cotton

Nano-fibers attached to Nano-fibers cause

cotton fibers liquids to roll off
Smart Fabrics
Smart Fabrics
Bike Driving
Key Board
Smart mobile service
SMART TEXTILES at 2009
 Future Prospects

 Smart protective apparel

 Exploiting intelligent textiles for fashion
 Smart fabrics in the sports industry
 Hygiene and health innovation for textiles
 Innovations in fabric circuits
 Smart fabrics for socially responsible solutions
 Thank You

Dr. S. P. Mishra

dr.spmishra@gmail.com
dr.sp.mishra@hotmail.com
drspmishra@yahoo.co.in