MEDICAL HISTORY

Sutaryo
Bioethics and Medical Humanities
Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2006

Medical History
OBJECTIVES

More humanist and wise

Medicine is more than just medicines
Interrelations between philosophy-historymedicine

CONTENTS OF MEDICAL HISTORY

I.
II.
III.

IV.
V.
VI.

Prehistoric medicine
Ancient medicine
1. India
2. China
3. Egypt
4. Mesopotamia
5. Greece and Rome
Medieval medicine
17-19th century medicine
Modern medicine

I. PREHISTORIC MEDICINE

How did early human treat their illnesses ?

Mummies of early Egypt

Arteriosclerosis
Pneumonia
Urinary infection
Stones
Parasites

Health and disease

Primitive cultures
Religion
Magic
Supranatural origin for most happenings

ANCIENT CHINA

Chinese cosmology : NATURES BASIC DUALITY

YANG
: active, light, dry, warm,
positive, masculine
YIN
: passive, dark, cold, moist,
negative, feminine

Fu Hsin (c 2900 BC)

Pa kua, yang and ying lines combined in eight

(pa) separate trigrams (kua) which could
represent all yin-yang condition.

Ancient China medicine

Wind is the cause of a hundred disease

The superior physician helps before the early
budding of disease (Huang Ti, father of
Chinese medicine)
Taoisme, Confucianism, Budhism

The Cherokees and Navahos the ill were treated

with kindness,the crippled and deformed with
acceptance.

The Eskimos set their old folks out unsheltered

on the ice when food supplies were low.

THE PRACTITIONERS

Medicine man ( The North Indian Americans)

Shaman (the words is Tungusic, among the
Eskimos and Siberian groups)
A witch doctor (Congo)
Dukun (Indonesia)

II. ANCIENT MEDICINE : India

2500-500 BC Atharva Veda, medical

information text, based on Ayurvedhic or
traditional Indian medical practices
Diagnosis and treatment
Public health and hygiene

Formal school :

The tenth century

The eleventh century Ming Dynasty
1800 Medical School in Peking

Greece and Rome

Pre Hippocrates : Zeus, Philosopher

Hippocrates
Post Hippocrates
Zeus + Hera
1. Apollo
2. Artemias
3. Athena
1.1. Asclepios
1.1.1. Hygea
1.1.2. Panacea

Pre Hippocrates

Health is harmony, disease is disturbance of

harmony (Alcmaeon, 400BC)

Hipprocrates

Hippocrates

Non religious
Rational
Born 460 BC on the island of Cos
Died 370 in Thessaley
CHRYSIPPOS philosopher-physician
PRAXAGORAS
Dietetic treatment.

Hippocrates

Hippocratic Collection = Corpus Hippocraticum

Anatomy, Physiology
Surgery, Gynecology, ..
Diagnosis, Therapy.
Ethics : THE OATH

THE HIPPOCRATIC METHOD

1. OBSERVE ALL

A great part part I believe, of the Art is

to be able to obsereve
Leave nothing to chance, overlook
nothing: combine contradictory
observation and allow yourself enough
time

THE HIPPOCRATIC METHOD (Cont)

2. Study the patient rather than the disease

Obsereve

the nature of each country;

diet; customs;the age of the
patient;specch, manners; fashion;even
his silence;his thoughts; if he sleeps or
is suffering from lack of sleep..

Francis Adams ( XIXth century)

The great superiority of the ancient savants

(the Hippocratists) over the modern was that
the former possessed a much greater talent
for apprehending the general truth than the
later who confine their attention to particular
facts, and neglect too much the observations
of general appearances

THE HIPPOCRATIC METHOD (Cont)

3.
4.

Evaluate honestly
Assist nature

If the Hippocratic method is used

today:

Obsererve objectively
Avoid rigid postures
Foreswear arrogance
Shun object adherence to doctrines

POST HIPPOCRATES

Roman time
The regulation of medical practice
Emperor Severius Alexander ( AD 222-235)
passed regulating training, certification, and
control.
Collegium Archiatri ( a short of guild)
training of physician

III. MEDIEVAL MEDICINE

The rise of Christianity

The power of Jesus to heal
St Benedict of Nursia

MEDICINE UNDER ISLAM

The Arabic world had had previous contact

with Greek culture, including medical theory,
well before Muhammads founding of Islam.
Muhammad (570-632)
Rhazes (Abu-Bakar Muhammad ibn Zakariya alRazi 850-c923)
Avicenna (Hakim ibn-e- Sina) 980-1037

Isaac Judaeus (abu Jacub Ishaq

Sulaiman al-Israili)

Most illnesses are cured without the

physicians help help through the aid of the
Nature
If you can cure the patient by dietary means, do
not turn to drugs
Always make the patient feel he will be cured
when you are not convinced of it, for it aids the
helaing effort of Nature

IV. XVII----XIX century Medicine

The rise of the universities:

The Medical School of SALERNO (994)
MONTPELIER (1137)
The University of Paris
France England German (XI-XIV)

Organ and cellular medicine

Microscope Antony van Leuwenhoek

Genetic
- Mendel
Pathology - Virchow

V. MODERN MEDECINE

1950 - DNA
Molecular medicine

INDONESIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Prehistoric, Javaneese
Hinduism, Budhism, China, Islam, Christian
Dutch Colonialism (350 years)
Japaneese Colonialism
Independence era

Causa and treatment

The illness was caused by gods, spirits, and

magic.
R/ceremonies, chants, mystical signs,
charms, and fetishes
R/dancing, shouting, beating drums, trances.
R/sajen, kenduri, mantra

Complementary and
Alternative Medicine

Herbal
Animal
Environmental
Spiritual
Cultural

3 TYPES OF COLONIALISMS
A. England type : resources + >
capitalism> education >middle class
B. Dutch type: no resources >capitalism >
no education
C. Portuguese type: no resources, poor >
no education

England type colonialism

Education > middle class > market

X swadesi Mahatma Gandhi
India
Organization : Commonwealth

DUTCH TYPE

Real colonialism, imperialism

Take out everything
NO EDUCATION
Dokter Jawa > labour health
20 Mei 1908 Boedi Oetomo : Education,
Social Welfare, Culture
(Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Dr Sutomo)

DUTCH TYPE (Cont)

1912 INDISCHE PARTIJ
Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo
Ki Hajar Dewantara
Douwes Dekker
Independence of Indonesia

PORTUGUESE TYPE

POOREST country
Old conservative religion
Old imperialism, old colonialism
NO EDUCATION
War

Japanese

STOVIA, Jakarta
NIAS, Surabaya
Japaneese

INDONESIA

17 Agustus 1945 Independence day

Revolution period
Indonesia capital Yogyakarta
5 Maret 1946 Tegalyoso Hospital Klaten
Prof Sardjito
Ismangoen the first graduated

DOCTOR + HERO

Hasan Sadikin
Muwardi
Karyadi
Sutomo
Abduracchman Saleh
Etc.

SCIENTIST

Prof Samallo tuberculosis

Dr Eyckman Pasteur deficiency B1
Dr Kodiyat Frambosia
Prof Suharso Rehabilitation Centre
Prof Ismangoen Polio
Prof Jacob Antropology

Thank you

17 Agustus 1945

13 Mei 1889 -

Dr. Cokrohadijoyo
(Nitikan)

Prof. Ismangoen
1919 - 2004

Dr. Sudibyo Sardadi

Dokter Moh. Saleh

Prof. Samallo

Bagian Anatomi, Embriologi, Antropologi

Prof Radioputro

Prof Soemiati Ahmad

(Mekah)

Bagian
Bagian Biokimia
Biokimia
Prof Sardjono ( Kotagede)

dr Triwibowo

Bagian Histologi
Prof Soewasono ( Solo)

Prof Daryanto (Sawit Sari)

Wafat :
Makam :

Dr Handri Utomo (..........)

Bagian Ilmu Faal

Prof. Abdulrachman Saleh
( Ngoto)

Prof. Dr. Ahmad

Muhammad J.

dr Abyono

dr Haryani

dr. Ali Imron

dr Syarif
Prof. Dr. Cholik

Farmakologi, Farmakologi Klinik,

Farmasi Kedokteran

dr RH Yudono

Dra. Mamiek S, Apt

Wafat : 16 3 -1993
Makam : sawit Sari

Bagian Mikrobiologi
dr Moh Saleh

dr Krisnamurti,

dr Trihendrokesowo

Dr. Suwardji
Wafat :
Makam :

Bagian Patologi Anatomi

Prof Bambang Sutarso

Dr. Titik Sulastri

Mugiyono

Bagian Patologi Klinik

Prof Tedjobaskoro ( Kuncen)

dr Suroto (Ambarrukmo)
dr Wiyono Ws ( ...........)

Bagian Parasitologi

Prof Dr Sardjito (TMP Kusumanegara)

Dr. Sudibyo Sardadi ( Jakarta?)
Dr. Edlim Sahir (Solo)
Dr Sunarso (Makasar)
Dr. Saryanto Sahiran (Solo)
Dr. Sunarno (Solo)
Dr. Umayah (Sleman)
dr Rubiny
Dr. Umayah

Bagian Kesehatan Masyarakat

dr. Soebodro
Moeljohoesodo
Wafat: 7-10-1984
Makam: Gambiran

dr. B. Suherman,
SKM
Wafat: 3-4-1992 (54 th)
Makam: Klaten

dr. Suharyanto
Supardi, Ph.D
Wafat: 2005 (57th)

Bagian Anestesi & Reanimasi

Prof Ramlan Mochtar (Terban)

Dr Ismail Sudjud

Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak

Prof Ismangoen
Wafat : Februari 2004, Makam : Kuncen

dr Munginah
Wafat : 2005, Makam : Sawit Sari

dr Teluk Sebodo
(Sawit Sari)

Prof A Suryono
(Klaten)

Bagian Penyakit Dalam

dr.
Edijono
dr
Suroso

Prof.
Samallo

dr Pustika

Wafat : 18 7 -2002 (79 th)

Makam : Payaman Mgl

dr Moefrodi

Wafat : 23-4-1986 (45th)

Makam : Blunyah Gede

dr. Suliadi

Wafat : 30-10-1996
Makam : Kledokan Pakem

dr. Sugiyanto
Somo M.

dr. Soejitro

Wafat : 23-9-1993 (54th)

Makam :Klaten

dr. RM.
Sarodjo

Wafat :

Wafat : 25 Juni 2002

Makam :

Makam : Sawit Sari

Prof. dr
Sardadi

dr Arjono

Wafat : 20 11 -2002 (84 th)

Makam : Blunyah Gede

dr Haryono
Adnan

Wafat : 17 Juli 2002

(68th)
Makam : Magelang

Bagian Penyakit Syaraf

Prof Kluge

Prof Tahitu
Prof. Sujono P.

dr. Landung S.

dr. Bambang S.
dr. Sutanto

Bagian Kesehatan Kulit & Kelamin

Prof.
Sutopo
(Surabaya)

Prof. R.M. R. Nitisaputro

Wafat: 6-11-1974 (60th)

Makam: Kotagede

dr Satyadharma

Wafat: 25-10-1992 (54 th)

Makam:Sawitsari

Bagian Radiologi
Prof. Drs. Soetjipto Poerwosoeprodjo
Wafat:16-2-1971 (65 th) di Semarang

dr. R. Hirlan Saparnowidagdo

Wafat 7-10-1984 (62 th) di Surakarta

dr. Joedjono

Bagian Kedokteran Jiwa

Prof. Kluge
Prof. Tahitu
Prof Sujono P (Baciro)

dr. Heri Not

Bagian
Mata

dr Gunawan
dr Sarodjo
Wafat : 1-6-2001
Makam : Sawit Sari

Prof. Dr. Pranowo

Wafat : 1 - 1 - 2001
Makam : Sawit Sari

Wafat : 4 Juli 2002 (72

Makam : Krapyak

Bagian
Mata

Dr Sumarsono

Wafat : 30 -08-2005 (67th)

Makam : Sawit Sari
Prof. Dr. Budihardjo
Wafat : 17 Mei 2005
Makam : Sawit Sari

Bagian THT

Prof Oepomo
( Kuncen)
Wafat : 25-11-1984 (73 th)
Makam : Kuncen dr Ovo
Sarosa

dr. Soetomo
N.

Wafat : 18-6-1999
Makam : Kroya

Wafat : 20-6-1991 (58th)

Makam : Sawitsari

dr Rubin

Bagian THT

dr.
soeratiman

Wafat : .
Makam : Banjarnegara

dr IB Agung
Wafat : 18 9 - 2001
Ngaben : 4 11 2001
Di Gianyar Bali

Dr. Cakra
Wafat : 27-012006
Ngaben : di Bali

Bagian Obstertri Gyn

Prof. dr. Sukiman
Makam : Krapyak

dr. Jasin
Makam : Slandakan Karnag kajen

Dr. Prastowo M.

Prof. Marsidi Yudono

Makam : Slandakan Karnag kajen

Wafat :
Makam :

Bagian Obstertri Gyn

dr Darjono K. dr. Soeprono dr. Marwi S.

Wafat : 3 6 1987 (52 th)
Makam : Sawitsari

Wafat :
Makam : Kotagede

Wafat : 26 10 - 1998
Makam : Sawitsari

dr. Purwanto
Wafat :
Makam :

Bagian Bedah

Dr. R.H. Sentral

Wafat : 13-12-1959

Prof Suharso
(Boyolali)

Dr. Soewito
Wafat : 18 12 1960
Makam : Blunyah Gede

Prof Ramlan M.
Wafat : 22-11-1982
Makam : Terban Taman

Prof. dr Muh. Salim

Wafat : 23 6 - 1967
Makam : Blunyah

dr Moedito M.
Wafat : 12-1-1985
Makam : Sawit Sari

Bagian Bedah

dr Muh. Baried Ishom

Wafat : 21-11-1996
Makam : Karang Kajen

dr Roesman S.
Wafat : 16-1-1996
Makam : Terban jati

dr Soetarjo Tj.
Wafat : 17-11-1997
Makam : Taman Makan Pahlawan

Soeprapti Djuari, M.App.Sc

Wafat :
Makam : Sawit Sari

Bagian Kedokteran Forensik

dr Moh Saleh

dr
Djuwardi

Prof.
Bambang
Sutarso

dr Widodo

Dr. Mul
Suroto

Staf direksi RS Sardjito

Prof Ismangoen (Kuncen)

dr Tjokrohadidjojo (.....)

dr Sudibyo Sardadi (....)

Mahasiswa/BEM
dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo (Mlati)

Prof Abdulrachman
Saleh(Ngoto)

Terima Kasih Kepada

Seluruh Karyawan, Perawat, staf
pendudung yang telah mendahului
kami semoga arwahnya di terima
di Allah SWT

Data Dari

dr. Suyoto, Sp.KK

dr. Probosuseno, Sp.PD
Berbagai sumber
Disusun oleh Humaniora & Bioetika Kesehatan
(Sejarah Kedokteran)