Logical Flow of A Program: Algorithms, Flowcharts, Pseudocode

Lecture 06:Algo.
Flowcharts Pseudocode
CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Logical Flow of a Program

algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode
Zawar Hussain
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 06:Algo. Flowcharts Pseudocode
Fundamental Building Blocks of Programs

THERE ARE TWO BASIC ASPECTS of programming:
data and instructions.
To work with data

you need to understand variables and types
To work with instructions

you need to understand control structures and subroutines.
You'll spend a large part of the course becoming familiar with these
concepts
Ref: http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/c1/s4.html
Algorithms
All computing problems
can be solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order
Algorithm
A procedure determining the
Actions to be executed
Order in which these actions are to be executed
Program control
Specifies the order in which statements are to executed
Algorithm to Start a Car

1.Insert the key
2.Make sure car is in neutral gear
3.Press the gas pedal/ (Accelerator)
4.Turn the key to the start position
5.If the engine starts in 6 seconds
1.Release the key to the ignition position
6.Else if the engine does not start in 6

seconds
1.Release the key and gas pedal
2.Wait for 10 seconds , and repeat the steps 3 6, but no more
than 5 times
7. If the
car does not start
Pseudocode
Pseudocode
Artificial, informal language used to develop algorithms

Similar to everyday English
Not actually executed on computers
Allows us to think out a program before writing the code for it
Easy to convert into a corresponding C++ program
Consists only of executable statements
Example:
Begin
Input: Marks
If students Marks to 60
Print "Passed
Else
Print Failed
End
Pseudo-code Primitives
Three basic kind of operations:
Sequential
Computation ( Set )
Input/Output ( Get ... / Print ... )
Conditional
If Else
If
Iterative / looping
Repeat ...
While ...
Control Structures
Sequential execution
Statements executed one after the other in the order written
Transfer of control
When the next statement executed is not the next one in sequence
Bohm and Jacopini: all programs written in terms of 3 control

structures
Sequence structure
Built into C++. Programs executed sequentially by

default.
Selection structures
C++ has three types - if, if/else, and switch

Repetition structures
C++ has three types - while, do/while, and for

Divide and Conquer

Hard Problem
Easy Sub-problem
Hard Sub-problem
Easy Sub-problem
Easy Sub-problem
Easy Sub-problem
Problem Solving Techniques

What is the unknown?
What is required?
What are the data?

What is given?
What is the condition?

By what condition the unknown is linked to the data?
5
C
9(F
32)
Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius
Output
Inputs
Temperature in Celsius (C)
Temperature in Fahrenheit (F)
Process
Calculate and print the average grade of 3

tests for the entire class
Input
output
3 test scores for each student

Average of 3 tests for each student
Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Get three scores

Add them together
Divide by three to get the average
Print the average
Repeat step 1 to 4 for next student
Stop if there are no more students
Flow Charts
A flowchart is a visual or graphical representation of an

algorithm.
The flowchart employs a series of blocks and arrows,
each of which represents a particular operation or step
in the algorithm.
The arrows represent the sequence in which the
operations are implemented.
Flowcharts Most Common Symbols

Symbol
Name
Terminal
Flow-line
Function
Represents the beginning or end of a
program.
Represents the flow of logic.
Process
Represents calculations or data

manipulation.
Input/Output
Represents inputs or outputs of data

and information.
Decision
Represents a comparison, question,

or decision that determines
alternative paths to be followed.
Flow Charting
Expresses the flow of processing in a

structured pictorial format.
Input and
Output Steps
Decision
Processing
Steps
Terminator
Flow
of
data
Connectors
C
5
(9
F
3
2
)
Begin
Get temp. in F
Calculate
Flow chart for

Converting
Fahrenheit
into Celsius
Print C
Stop
Flow chart for

calculating
average of
three scores
Get three scores

Add them together
Divide the result by three
Print the average
Yes
More students?
No
Stop
Comparison of Algorithm representations in Natural language, flowchart and Pseudo-code
START
Step 1: Begin the calculations
INPUT
A, B
Step 2: Input two values A and B

Step 3: Add the values
Add A to B
and store in C
Step 4: Display the result

Step 5: End the calculation
BEGIN Adder
Input A and B
C = A + B
PRINT C
END Adder
OUTPUT
C
END
Natural language
Flowchart
Pseudo-code
Questions?

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Lecture 06:Algo.

CS 101: Introduction to Computing