Chaptes 4 and 5

The Capture and Release of

Energy

PART 1
CHAPTER 4
ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Laws of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
It can be converted from one form to another
and thus transferred between objects or
systems

Second law of thermodynamics

Energy tends to disperse spontaneously
A bit disperses at each energy transfer,
usually in the form of heat

One-Way Flow of Energy

Matter Recycling and Energy Flow

ATP The Cells Energy Currency is

Made by Phosphorylation Reactions

ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells

A Chemical Reaction

Energy Needs in Chemical Reactions:

Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions

Exergonic
Reactions
Endergonic
Reactions

Activation Energy

Enzymes and Activation energy

Animation: Enzymes and their role in

lowering activation energy

Enzymes
Chemical Composition: Protein or RNA that
speeds a reaction without being changed by it

Action: Enzymes make chemical reactions

proceed much faster than they would on their
own

Substrates
An enzymes particular substrates bind at its
active site
Substrate
A reactant molecule that is specifically acted
upon by an enzyme

Active Sites

Active site
Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and
a reaction occurs

Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity

Temperature
pH
Salt concentration

Fig. 4-6a, p. 66

Fig. 4-6b, p. 66

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Cofactor
A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates
with an enzyme and is necessary for its
function

Coenzyme
An organic cofactor
Unlike enzymes, may be modified by a
reaction

Classification of Coenzymes according to Function

Organized, Enzyme-Mediated Reactions

Cells concentrate, convert, and dispose of
most substances in enzyme-mediated
reaction sequences
Metabolic pathway
Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by
which cells build, remodel, or break down an
organic molecule

Linear and Cyclic Metabolic Pathways

Control of Metabolic Pathways

Various controls over enzymes allow cells to
conserve energy and resources by producing
only what they require
Concentrations of reactants and products
Feedback inhibition
Allosteric sites

Control of Metabolic Pathways

Feedback inhibition
Mechanism by which a change that results from
some activity decreases or stops the activity

Feedback Inhibition

Control of Metabolic Pathways

Feedback inhibition
Mechanism by which a change that results from
some activity decreases or stops the activity

Allosteric site
A region of an enzyme, other than the active site,
that can bind regulatory molecules

Allosteric Sites Activators or Inhibitors

Animation: Allosteric activation

Animation: Allosteric inhibition

Electron Transfers from Reduced

Coenzymes
Electron transfer chain
An array of membrane-bound enzymes and
other molecules that accept and give up
electrons in sequence

Uncontrolled and Controlled

Energy Release

Animation: Controlling energy release