Bishwajit Mazumder

Nursing Instructor
Dhaka Nursing College,
Dhaka
Level:- Midwifery 1st Year
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Operating system

The operating system controls the complete system and

is responsible for execution programs, storage of data
and other functions.
It is the responsibility of the operating system to
manage the resources of computer and act as an
interface between the user and the resources of
computer system.
It instructs the hardware and software resources of the
computer to act according to wishes of the user.

Definition of operating system (OS)

An operating system is software on the hard drive that

enables the computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software.
Or
The operating system (OS) is a computer software which
controls computer hardware resources and gives common
services for the computer program.
Application programs usually require an operating
system to function. Without a computer operating system,
a computer and software programs would be useless.

Objective of operating system

To make a computer system convenient to use in

an efficient manner.
To hide the details of a hardware resources from
the user.
To provide users a convenient interface to use the
computer.
To act as an intermediary between the hardware
and its users and making it easier for the users to
access and use others resources.
To manage the resources of a computer system.

Objective of operating system (cont)

To keep track of who is using which resource, granting

resource requests, according for resource using and
mediating conflicting requests from different programs
and users.
To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among
the users and program.

Types
of operating
system
There are
different types
of operating systems.
These are as follows:
1. Real-time
Operating
System: It
is
a
multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications.
2. Multi-user
and
Single-user
Operating
Systems: The operating systems of this type allow
a multiple users to access a computer system
concurrently.

Types of operating system (cont)

3. Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems:

When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the
system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in
case the operating system allows the execution of
multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multitasking operating system.
4. Distributed Operating System: An operating system
that manages a group of independent computers and
makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a
distributed operating system.

Types of operating system (cont)

5. Embedded System: The operating systems designed for

being used in embedded computer systems are known as
embedded operating systems.
6. GUI: Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI
operating system contains graphics and icons and is
commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Examples
of GUI operating systems are: System 7.x, Windows 98,
Windows CE.
7. Multi-user: A multi-user operating system allows for
multiple users to use the same computer at the same time
and different times. Examples of operating systems that
would fall into this category are: Linux, UNIX, Windows
2000.

Types of operating system (cont)

8. Multiprocessing: An operating system capable of

supporting and utilizing more than one computer
processor. Examples of operating systems that would fall
into this category are: Linux, UNIX, and Windows XP.
9. Multitasking: An operating system that is capable of
allowing multiple software processes to run at the same
time. Examples of operating systems that would fall into
this category are: Linux, Unix, Windows 8.
10. Multithreading - Operating systems that allow
different parts of a software program to run concurrently.
Examples of operating systems that would fall into this
category are: Linux, Unix, Windows XP.

Operating-System Structure

An operating system provides the environment within which

programs are executed. Internally, operating systems vary
greatly in their makeup, since
they are organized along many different lines. The operating
system structures are given bellow:Multiprogramming: Multiprogramming increases CPU
utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so that the
CPU always has one to execute. Multi programmed systems
provide an environment in which the various system
resources (for example, CPU, memory, and peripheral
devices) are utilized effectively, but they do not provide for
user interaction with the computer system.

Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Time sharing (or multitasking): It is a logical extension

of multiprogramming. Time sharing requires an
interactive (or hands-on) computer system, which
provides direct communication between the user and the
system.
The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a
program directly, using a input device such as a keyboard
or a mouse, and waits for immediate results on an output
device. Accordingly, the response time should be short
typically less than one second.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Process management means managing the

program or programs (also called jobs) running on
the processor at a given time.
In the simplest case (a desktop operating system),
the operating system loads a program into main
memory and executes it.
The program utilizes the computers resources until
it relinquishes control. Some operating systems
offer more sophisticated forms of process
management, such as multitasking, multithreading,
and multiprocessing.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

A process needs certain resources including CPU time,

memory, files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
In addition to the various physical and logical
resources that a process obtains when it is
created, various initialization data (input) may be
passed along.
For example, consider a process whose function is to
display the status of a file on the screen of a terminal.
The process will be given as an input the name of the
file and will execute the appropriate instructions and
system calls to obtain and display on the terminal the
desired information.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

The operating system is responsible for the following

activities in connection with process management:
Creating and deleting both user and system processes.
Suspending and resuming processes.
Providing mechanisms for process synchronization.
Providing mechanisms for process communication.
Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Memory Management: The main memory is central to

the operation of a modern computer system. Main
memory is a large array of words or bytes, ranging in
size from hundreds of thousands to billions.
Each word or byte has its own address. Main memory
is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the
CPU and I/O devices.
The central processor reads instructions from main
memory during the instruction-fetch cycle and both
reads and writes data from main memory during the
data-fetch cycle (on Von Neumann architecture).

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

The main memory is generally the only large

storage device that the CPU is able to address and
access directly.
For example, for the CPU to process data from disk,
those data must first be transferred to main memory
by CPU-generated I/O calls. In the same way,
instructions must be in memory for the CPU to
execute them.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

The operating system is responsible for the following

activities in connection with memory management:
Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom.
Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to
move into and out of memory.
Allocating and deal locating memory space as needed.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Storage Management: The main memory is too small to

accommodate all data and programs, and because the data
that it holds are lost when power is lost, the computer system
must provide secondary storage to back up main memory.
Most modern computer systems use disks as the principal online storage medium for both programs and data.
Most programs including compilers, assemblers, word
processors, editors, and formatters are stored on a disk until
loaded into memory and then use the disk as both the source
and destination of their processing.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

The operating system is responsible for the following

activities in connection with disk management:
Free-space management.
Storage allocation.
Disk scheduling.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

File-System Management : File management is one of

the most visible components of an operating system.
Computers can store information on several different
types of physical media. Magnetic disk, optical disk, and
magnetic tape are the most common.
Each of these media has its own characteristics and
physical organization. Each medium is controlled by a
device, such as a disk drive or tape drive, that also has its
own unique characteristics.
These properties include access speed, capacity', datatransfer rate, and access method (sequential or random).
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

A file is a collection of related information defined by its

creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both
source and object forms) and data.
Data files may be numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric,
or binary. Files may be free-form (for
example, text files), or they may be formatted rigidly
(for example, fixed fields).
The operating system implements the abstract concept
of a file by managing mass storage media, such as
tapes and disks, and the devices that control them.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

The operating system is responsible for the

following activities in connection with file
management:
Creating and deleting files.
Creating and deleting directories to organize files.
Supporting primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage
media.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

File operation: In operating system provides a set of

operations to deal with files and their contents. Atypical
set of file operations provided by an operating system
my as follows:
Create: Is used to create new file.
Delete: Is used to delete an existing file, which is no
longer needed.
Open: Is used to open an existing file, when a user
wants to start suing it.
Close: Is used to close file, when the user has finished
using it.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Read: Is used to read data stored in a file. Write: Is used

to write new data in a file.
Write: Is used to write new data in a file.
Seek: Is used with random access files to first position
the read/ write pointer to a specific place in the file, so
data can be read from or written to that position.
Get attributes: Is used to access the attributes of a file.
Set attributes: Is used to change the user settable
attributes of a file.
Rename: Is used to change the name of an existing file.
Copy: Is used to create a copy of a file or to copy a file
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to an I/O device such as printer or a display.

Operating-System Structure (Cont)

File naming: When a file created, it is given a name

which can be latter used to access the file. The rules for
naming files vary from one operating system to another.

For instance, consider the following example: MS-DOS

allows only up t 8 characters for a file name, Macintosh
allows up to 31 characters, and Microsoft windows
allows up to 255 characters.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Security: Security in computer systems deals with

protecting the various resources and information of a
computer system against destruction and unauthorized
access.
A total approach to computer security involves both
external and internal security. External security deals
with securing the computer system against external
factors such as fires, floods, earthquakes, leaking out of
stored information by a person who has access to the
information and so on.
Internal security mainly with the aspects:
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

User authentication: Once a user is allowed physical access

to the computing facility, the users identification must be
checked by the system, before the user can actually use the
facility.
Access control: A computer system contains many resources
and several types of information. A user passes the
authentication phase and is allowed to use the computing
facility, a way is to needed to prohibit the user from accessing
those resources / information that he is not authorized to
access.
Cryptography: This requirement is taken care of by
cryptography mechanism, which work on the idea that if it is
not possible to ensure access control, it is better to prevent
comprehension of information.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Command Interpretation: The command interpretation

module of an operating system provides a set commands
using which the user can give instruction to the computer
for getting job new done by it.
The commands supported by the command interpretation
module are known as system call. When a user gives
instruction to the computer by using these system calls.
Hence, the command interpreter provides a user interface
to hide the hardware details of system from the user.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

Some popular operating system:

1. MS-DOS: MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Operating
System. It is single- user operating system for IBM and
IBM-compatible personal computers.
It was introduced in 1981 jointly by Microsoft and IBM
and was the most popular operating system for personal
computers in the 1980s.
Its popularity started reducing un the 1990s with the
launch of Microsoft Windows operating system.
1
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

2. Microsoft Windows: It is single user, multitasking

operating system.
Microsoft Windows operating system was developed by
Microsoft to overcome the limitations of its own MSDOS operating system.
The first successful version of this operating system was
windows 3.0 which was released in 1990.
The subsequently released version were 95, windows
ME, windows 98, windows 2000, and windows XP.

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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

3. Windows NT: It is an operating system for high-end

desktops, workstations, and servers.
It provides the same GUI as Windows 95 and 98, and has
more powerful multitasking, multiprocessing, and memorymanagement capabilities.
Windows NT supports software written for DOS and
Windows, and it provides extensive computing power for new
applications with large memory and file requirements.
It is also designed for easy and reliable connection with
networks and other computing machinery, and is proving
popular in networked systems in business organizations.
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Operating-System Structure (Cont)

4. Unix: Unix is a multi-user, time sharing operating

system. Although it can be used on a wide variety of
computers, ranging form note book computers to super
computers, it is especially prevalent on RISE
workstations, such as those from Microsystems, HewlettPackard, IBM, and Silicon Graphics.
5. Linux: Linux is an open source operating system
enhanced and backed by thousand s of programmer
worldwide. It is an multitasking operating system, which
was originally designed to be used on personal
computers. review the merit of adding it to the source
code.
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