Automobile Unit-4.Steering Systems

Automobile Components and Technology
ME 5742
Unit IV
Steering Systems
To provide good ride and handling performance

vertical compliance providing chassis isolation
ensuring that the wheels follow the road profile
very little tire load fluctuation
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Dr. S. Christopher, Asso. Professor,
To ensure that steering control is maintained

during maneuvering (direction)
wheels to be maintained in the proper
position w.r.t. road surface
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To ensure that the vehicle responds favorably to control

forces produced by the tires during
longitudinal braking
accelerating forces,
lateral cornering forces and
braking and accelerating torques
this requires the suspension geometry to be designed to
resist squat, dive and roll of the vehicle body
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To provide isolation from high frequency vibration from tire

excitation
requires appropriate isolation in the suspension joints
Prevent transmission of road noise to the vehicle body
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Steering System
Function of Steering System
Control of front wheel (sometimes
rear wheel) direction.
Transmit road feel (slight steering
wheel pull caused by the road surface)
to the drivers hand.
Maintain correct amount of effort
needed to turn the wheels.
Absorb most of the shock going to the
steering wheel as the tire hits holes
and bumps in the road.
Allow for suspension action.
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Steering System
Turning the Car (when turning, front wheels dont point the same direction)
Inside wheel turns at a smaller radius, hence the inside wheel turns at a
steeper angle then the outside wheel.
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Steering System
Linkage Steering System (Worm Gear)
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Steering System
Linkage Steering System (Worm Gear) Parts
Steering Wheel used by the driver to rotate a
steering shaft that passes through the steering
column.
Steering Shaft transfers turning motion from

the steering wheel to the steering gearbox.
Steering Column supports the steering column

and steering shaft.
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Steering System
Linkage Steering System (Worm Gear) Parts
Steering Gearbox) changes turning motion
into a straight-line motion to the left or right.
Steering gear box ratios range from 15:1 to
24:1 (with 15:1, the worm gear turns 15 times
to turn the selector shaft once).
Steering linkage connects the steering

gearbox to the steering knuckles and wheels.
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Steering System
Basic Rack-and-Pinion Steering
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Steering System
Pinion Gear- rotated by the steering wheel and steering shaft; its teeth mesh
with the teeth on the rack.
Rack- long steel bar with teeth along one section; slides sideways as the pinion
gear turns.
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Steering System
Gear Housing- holds the pinion

gear and rack.
Tie-rods- connects the rack with

steering knuckles.
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Steering System
Part of rack contains a piston

Two fluid ports, one on each side.
The side with high pressure pushes the piston to the
opposite side (turning the wheel).
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Steering Linkage
Pitman Arm transfers gearbox motion to the steering linkage.

Pitman arm is splined to the gearbox.
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Steering Linkage
Center Link (Relay Rod) steel bar connects the right and
left side of the steering linkage.
Connects to Pitman arm, Tie rod ends, and Idler arm.
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Steering Linkage
Idler Arm supports the end of the center link on

the passenger side of the vehicle.
Bolts to the vehicles frame.
If worn, will cause excessive steering play.
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Steering Linkage
Tie-Rod Assemblies: Two tie-rod assemblies are used

to fasten the center link to steering knuckles.
Assembly is consist of inner tie-rod end, outer tie-rod end,
and a toe adjustment sleeve.
Be sure to check the toe setting after replacing the
tie-rod ends.
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Steering Linkage
Rack-and-pinion outer tie-rod end is similar to

the regular tie-rod end, but the inner tie-rod end
sits inside the rack assembly.
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List out the components of steering

system
1. Steering
linkage
a. Pitman arm
a. Ball joints
b. Drag link
c. Steering arm
d. Left spindle and king pin
e. Left tie rod arm
f. Tie rod
g. Right tie rod arm, spindle and kingpin
h. Steering stops
2. Steering shaft
3. Steering gear
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Steering System
Power Steering normally use an engine driven pump and a hydraulic
system to assist steering action.
Three major types of power steering systems:
Integral-piston linkage system.
External power steering system.
Rack-and-pinion system
Integral power piston.
External power piston.
Integral Rack-and-pinion system

is the most common.
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Steering System
Power steering pump is driven by the engine produces the hydraulic
pressure for steering system operation.
Four basic pumps:

Roller pump.
Vane pump.
Slipper pump.
Gear pump.
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Define instantaneous centre of a vehicle.
During turning or moving the vehicle on a curved path,

the wheels should follow a true radius or definite radius
with each of the radius originating from the same
centre. The circles should be based on the common
centre known as instantaneous centre.
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What is meant by the term turning radius?
The circle on which the outside front wheel travels when the front
wheels are turned to their extreme outer position
Define bouncing.
The vertical movement of the complete body is called as

bouncing. In other words, the complete body of the vehicle moves
up and down, it is called as bounce or bouncing.
Define Pitching.
Rocking chair action or rotating action about a transverse axis

through the vehicle parallel to ground is known as pitching.
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Part B
1. Describe the construction detail of tyres with a neat sketch.
2. Describe in detail the rack and pinion type manual steering gear by means
of a simple sketch and discuss its advantages.
3. Sketch and explain the working principle of power steering system.
4. Sketch and explain the functional characteristics of suspension steel
springs.
5. With a neat diagram explain the construction and operation of a shock
absorber.
6. Explain the working principle of hydraulic braking system with neat
sketch.
7. Explain the working principle of disc braking system with neat sketch.
8. What is the working principle of antilock braking system (ABS)? Explain
with neat sketch.
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Automobile Unit-4.Steering Systems

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Automobile Unit-4.Steering Systems

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Automobile Components and Technology

To provide good ride and handling performance

To ensure that steering control is maintained

To ensure that the vehicle responds favorably to control

To provide isolation from high frequency vibration from tire

Steering Shaft transfers turning motion from

Steering Column supports the steering column

Steering linkage connects the steering

Gear Housing- holds the pinion

Tie-rods- connects the rack with

Part of rack contains a piston

Pitman Arm transfers gearbox motion to the steering linkage.

Idler Arm supports the end of the center link on

Tie-Rod Assemblies: Two tie-rod assemblies are used

Rack-and-pinion outer tie-rod end is similar to

List out the components of steering

Integral Rack-and-pinion system

Four basic pumps:

Define instantaneous centre of a vehicle.

During turning or moving the vehicle on a curved path,

What is meant by the term turning radius?

The vertical movement of the complete body is called as

Rocking chair action or rotating action about a transverse axis

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