KI

PN. ROSNAH
SABUDIN
SEM 2 2O12/2013

TOPIC SEM II / SK026

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

Thermochemistry
Electrochemistry
Reaction kinetics
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Compounds
Haloalkanes
Hydroxy Compounds
Carbonyl Compounds
Carboxylic Acids and Its Derivatives
Amines
Amino Acids and Protein
Polymers

4 hours
6
7
4
8
3
4
3
4
4
5
2
1

54

How to study Chemistry?

L
O
V
E
C
H
E
M

pqrst
formula

Always pay attention during the lecture

hours
Always question
Always revise the lesson on the same
day it was taught
Always study one step ahead of the
lecturer
Always test your understanding
by doing tutorial/exercise/discussion

How to get good result in

Chemistry??
Pick-up
Effort
Never give up

+
Time
management

Always test your understanding

Lectures exercises
Tutorial questions
Chemfriend questions

THERMOCHEMISTRY
88 THERMOCHEMISTRY

8.1 Enthalpy
8.2 Calorimetry
8.3 Hesss law
8.4 Born-Haber cycle
4 HOURS

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry is the study of

heat/enthalpy changes in chemical
reactions.

Almost all chemical reactions absorb or

release heat energy.

SI unit for heat is joule (J) or kilojoule

(kJ).

8.1

Enthalpy (H)

Enthalpy, H refers to the total value of

energy of a system at constant pressure.
Enthalpy cannot be determined directly.
Only the difference in enthalpy, H, or the
enthalpy change between products and
reactants can be determined.

8.1 Enthalpy (H)

Standard enthalpy, Ho
enthalpy change for a reaction that occurs
at 250C or 298 K and 1 atm .
298 K and 1 atm are called as
standard conditions

Types of Reactions
Exothermic
Reaction

Endothermic
Reaction

A reaction whereby heat A reaction whereby heat

energy is released to
energy is absorbed
the surroundings.
from the surroundings.
Enthalpy of products <
Enthalpy of reactants

Enthalpy of products >

Enthalpy of reactants

H is negative, (H < 0) H is positive, (H > 0)

ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM

Endothermic reaction

Exothermic reaction

Product

H = ve
Product
Reaction progress

energy

energy

Reactant
H = +ve
Reactant
Reaction progress

Example 1
Draw the energy profile diagram diagram for the
reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Combustion releases heat energy; exothermic, H = -ve

energy

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

H = ve

CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Reaction Progress

Example 2
Draw the energy profile diagram for the reaction:
CH3COOH(l) CH3COOH(g)
Vapourisation needs energy; absorbs heat, endothermic
H = +ve
CH3COOH(g)

energy

H = +ve
CH3COOH(l)

Reaction progress

Thermochemical equation
A balanced chemical equation that shows
the enthalpy change as well as the
mole relationship.
H2O(s)

H2O(l)

H = + 6.00 kJ mol-1

The phases of all species must be specified

6.00 kJ of heat is absorbed when 1 mole of ice melts.

Thermochemical equation: Rules

Reversing the
equation,
the magnitude of H
for the equation
remains
the same but
its sign changes.
If the thermochemical
equation is multiplied
by a factor n,
then H must be
multiplied by the
same factor.

H2O(l)

H2O(s)

H2O(l)
2H2O(l)
H2O(l)

H2O(s)

H = 6.00 kJ mol-1

H2O(l)

H = +6.00 kJ mol-1

H2O(s)

H = 6.00 kJ mol-1

2H2O(s)

H2O(s)

H = 6.00x2
= 12.0 kJ
H = 6.00 x
= 3.00 kJ

Example 1
Na+(g) + Cl(g) NaCl(s)
H = - 771 kJ/mol
a) Determine the enthalpy change for
NaCl(s) Na+ (g) + Cl (g)
b) Determine the enthalpy change when 0.585 g
of NaCl reacts.

a) Na+(g) + Cl(g) NaCl(s)

NaCl(s) Na+ (g) + Cl (g)
b)
0.585
Mol =
= 0.01 mol

H = - 771 kJ/mol
H = +771 kJ/mol

58.5

1 mol NaCl absorbs 771 kJ

0.01 mol NaCl absorbs 7.71 kJ

H = +7.71 kJ

Example 2

a)
b)

Calculate the H for the following reactions based on

the thermochemical equation given below:
A 2B
H1 = +10 kJ
B C + D
H2 = 20 kJ
B A
2B 2C + 2D

a)

b)

A 2B
2B A
B A
B C + D
2B 2 C + 2D

H1 = +10 kJ
H = 10 kJ
H = 5 kJ
H2 = 20 kJ
H2 = 40 kJ