INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL

ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 0
Review of Algebra

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.1 Sets of Real Numbers

A set is a collection of objects.
An object in a set is called an element of that
set.
Different type of integers:
Set of positive integers 1, 2, 3, ...

Set of negative integers ..., 3, 2, 1

The real-number line is shown as

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

Important properties of real numbers

1. The Transitive Property of Equality

If a b and b c, then a c.

2. The Closure Properties of Addition and

Multiplication
For all real numbers, there are unique real numbers
a b and ab.

3. The Commutative Properties of Addition

and Multiplication
a b b a and ab ba

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

4. The Commutative Properties of Addition

and Multiplication
a b c a b c and a bc ab c

5. The Identity Properties

0 a a and 1a a

6. The Inverse Properties

a a 0

a a 1 1

7. The Distributive Properties

a b c ab ac and b c a ba ca

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

Example 1 Applying Properties of Real Numbers

Solution: a. x y 3z 2w y 3z 2w x
b. 3 4 5 4 5 3

Example 3 Applying Properties of Real

Numbers
ab
b
a for c 0.
a. Show that
c

Solution: ab ab 1 a b 1 a b
c

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.3 Exponents and Radicals

base

exponent

Properties:
1. x n x x x x
n factors

2. x

1
1
n
for x 0
x
x x x x
n factors

1
3. n x n
x
4. x 0 1
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Example 1 Exponents
1
a.
2

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 16
1
1
-5
b. 3 5
3
243
1
c. -5 35 243
3
d. 20 1, 0 1, ( 5)0 1
e. x 1 x

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.3 Exponents and Radicals

The symbol n x is called a radical.

n is the index, x is the radicand, and
radical sign.

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is the

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

If symbols are combined by any or all of the

operations, the resulting expression is called
an algebraic expression.

A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression

of the form:
c n x n c n 1x n 1 c1x c0

where n = non-negative integer

cn = constants

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

Example 3 Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

Simplify 3 x 2 y 2 x 1 4 x 2 y 6 x 3 .
Solution:

3 x y 2x 1 4 x y 6 x 3
2

(3 x 2 y 2 x 1) ( 4 x 2 y 6 x 3)
3 4 x 2 y 2 6 x 1 3
x 2y 8x 4

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

A list of products may be obtained from the

distributive property:

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.5 Factoring

If two or more expressions are multiplied

together, the expressions are called the
factors of the product.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.5 Factoring

Example 1 Common Factors

2 2
3
3
k
x

9
k
x completely.
a. Factor

Solution:

3 k 2 x 2 9k 3 x 3 k 2 x x 3k

5 2 3
2 3
4 4
2 2
8
a
x
y

6
a
b
yz

2
a
b
xy
z completely.
b. Factor

Solution:
8a 5 x 2 y 3 6a 2b 3 yz 2a 4 b 4 xy 2 z 2

2a 2 y 4a 3 x 2 y 2 3b 3 z a 2b 4 xyz 2

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.6 Fractions
Simplifying Fractions

Allows us to multiply/divide the numerator and

denominator by the same nonzero quantity.

Multiplication and Division of Fractions

The rule for multiplying and dividing is

a

b

ac
c

bd
d

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a c ad

b d bc

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.6 Fractions

Rationalizing the Denominator

For a denominator with square roots, it may be

rationalized by multiplying an expression that
makes the denominator a difference of two
squares.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

If we add two fractions having the same

denominator, we get a fraction whose
denominator is the common denominator.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.6 Fractions

Example 1 Simplifying Fractions

x2 x 6
.
a. Simplify 2
x 7 x 12

Solution:

x2 x 6
x 3 x 2 x 2

2
x 7 x 12 x 3 x 4 x 4

2x 2 6 x 8
b. Simplify 8 4 x 4 x 2 .

Solution:

2 x 2 6 x 8 2 x 1 x 4
x4

2
8 4x 4x
41 x 2 x 2 x 2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.6 Fractions

Example 3 Dividing Fractions

x
x 3
x
x 5
x x 5
a.

x 2 x 5 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 5
x 5 1
x 5
x

3
b.

2x
x 3 2x 2x x 3
4x
2
4x
x 1
2
x

1
c.
2
2

2
2 x 8 x x 1 2 x 8 x x 1 x 4
x 1

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Equations

An equation is a statement that two

expressions are equal.

The two expressions that make up an equation

are called its sides.

They are separated by the equality sign, =.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 1 Examples of Equations

a. x 2 3
b. x 2 3 x 2 0
y
c.
6
y 4
d. w 7 z

A variable (e.g. x, y) is a symbol that can be

replaced by any one of a set of different
numbers.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.