ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs
2.1 Functions
A function assigns each input number to one
output number.
The set of all input numbers is the domain of
the function.
The set of all output numbers is the range.
Equality of Functions
Two functions f and g are equal (f = g):
1. Domain of f = domain of g;
2. f(x) = g(x).
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
( x 2)( x 1)
a. f ( x )
( x 1)
b. g ( x ) x 2
x 2 if x 1
c. h( x )
0 if x 1
x 2 if x 1
d. k ( x )
3 if x 1
Solution:
When x = 1,
f 1 g 1 ,
f 1 h1 ,
f 1 k 1
g h,
hk
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
x
x 5 . Any real number can be used
Let
for x, so the domain of g is all real numbers.
a. Find g(z).
2
g
(
z
)
3
z
z 5
Solution:
b. Find g(r2). 2
2 2
2
4
2
g
(
r
)
3(
r
)
3
r
r
5
Solution:
c. Find g(x + h).
2
g
(
x
h
)
3(
x
h
)
( x h) 5
Solution:
2
2
3 x 6hx 3h x h 5
h( 387) 2
h( x 3) 2
a.
is a rational function, since the
numerator and denominator are both polynomials.
b. g ( x) 2 x 3 is a rational function, since 2 x 3 2 x1 3 .
Example 5 Absolute-Value Function
x
if
x
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x ).g ( x )
f ( x)
for g ( x) 0
g ( x)
a. ( f g )( x)
b. ( f g )( x)
c. ( fg )( x)
f
d.
( x)
g
1
e. ( f )( x)
2
Solution:
a. ( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1) ( x 2 +3x) x 2 6 x 1
b. ( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1) ( x 2 +3x) 1 x 2
c. ( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1)( x 2 3 x) 3 x 3 8 x 2 3x
f
f ( x) 3x 1
d.
( x)
2
g
g ( x) x 3x
1
1
1
3x 1
e. ( f )( x) ( f ( x)) (3 x 1)
2
2
2
2
Composition
Composite of f with g is defined by ( f og )( x) f ( g ( x))
Example 3 Composition
If F ( p) p 2 4 p 3, G ( p) 2 p 1, and H ( p) p ,find
a. F (G ( p))
b. F (G ( H ( p)))
c. G ( F (1))
Solution:
a. F (G ( p)) F (2 p 1) (2 p 1) 2 4(2 p 1) 3 4 p 2 12 p 2 ( F oG )( p)
b. F (G ( H ( p))) ( F o(G oH ))( p) (( F oG ) oH )( p) ( F oG )( H ( p))
2
( F oG )( p ) 4 p 12 p 2 4 p 2 12 p 2
c. G ( F (1)) G (12 4 1 3) G (2) 2 2 1 5
3
When y = 0, we have 0 2 x 3 so that x
2
When x = 0, y 2(0) 3 3