Introduction to Pipelines
Pipeline History
Gas Pipeline System
Pipeline Design
PEUI -2007
Pipeline
LNG
CNG
Hydrate
PEUI -2007
Source:Verghese
Information in Map of
Gas Pipeline
Major receipt and delivery points
Yearly average gas flows (MMcf/d)
Flow directions on mainlines
Owners, operators, and total miles of
pipelines
The number of compressors and total
system horsepower (HP)
Seasonal storage (Bcf) Gas supply and
market zones
Shows the exact position of gas pipelines
INDONESIA
Note :
Indonesian Government provides the
pipeline map on detailed region
LEGEND
Category I : Open Access
(Unbidded)
Planed Pipeline
- Development Principle Agreement
- Principle Agreement, installed
Planned Distribution Network
Region
- Principle Agreement , installed
Existed Pipeline
Existed Pipeline
Planned Pipeline
Existed Distribution
Network Region
Planned Distribution Network
Region, Bidding
Gas
Resource
Petrochemical,
Steel Factory
Customer
Power Plant
Compressor
Region Boundary
Regulator
Existed Pipeline
City
Planned Pipeline
Refinery
CILEGON
CIREBON
SEMARANG
GRESIK
CEPU
PAGERUNGAN
PORONG
Legend
Existing
Planning TJGP
Low Pressure
: < 100 mbar
Medium Pressure : 100 mbar < P < 4 bar
High Pressure
: > 4 bar
Transmisi
: >16 bar
PIPELINE DESIGN
PIPELINE DESIGN
Supply and demand
Route, topography, and
access
Crossing
Fluid properties
Design conditions
Environment: Social,
Hydrological, Seismic and
Volcanic impacts
ROW
Safety Consideration
Routing of the pipeline according to population density
regions, housing proximity, housing density and other
human activities e.g. sports centers, hotels, industrial
facilities, theaters, convention halls, army camps, fuel and
dangerous materials depots, power stations,
communication centers, markets, main roads, agricultural
activities.
Distances, of human activity centers, from natural gas
pipelines as may be determined by the effects caused by a
gas leak and the safety limits imposed.
CROSSING
Railroad
Highway, secondary road
Pipeline Crossing
Canal, irrigation ditch
Rivers
Meter Station
Other underground facilities
Fluid Properties
Following properties have to be calculated for
gas at specific temperature and pressure
Specific volume
Compressibility factor
Specific heat
Viscosity
Joule-Thompson Coefficient
Gas Composition :
- Methane
- Carbon Dioxide
- Hydrogen Sulphide
- Sulphur
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Water (H2O)
- Inert Gas
Value
55
Level
Maximum
950
1250
80
5
8
30
0,1
5
6
10
Unit
0
F
Btu/scf
Minimum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
% Volume
% Volume
ppmv
ppmw
% Volume
% Volume
Lbs/MMSCF
% Volume
Safety Zone
Safety zone on either side of the ROW to
protect the pipeline, the environment and you
GROUND PIPELINE
Must consider the ground conditions:
Ground Temperature
Soil Conductivity
Soil Density
Soil Specific Heat
Depth of Burial
Source: Mohitpour
KLASIFIKASI
TEKANAN
PT
PERTAMINA
(bar)
1.
Ekstra Tinggi
2.
Sangat Tinggi
> 16
3.
Tinggi
> 10 - 16
4.
Menengah
5.
Rendah
6.
Sangat Rendah
PT PGN
(bar)
National
Transmission
System (England)
USULAN
KLASIFIKAS
I (kg/cm2)
>100
> 16
>50 100
> 4-16
>16 - 50
5 - 10
1- 4
>4 - 16
<5
<1
>1 - 4
<1
Flow equation
- Fanning friction factor
Flow Equation
(P-L-D-Q)
Flow Equation
Compressible fluid PV=ZRT
P12-P22 ( 58 G H Pave2/R Tave Zave)
Qb = gc R/1,856) (ZbTb/Pb) ------------------------------------------------ 1/f . D2.5
Zave Tave G L
where
Qb = gas flow rate, mmscfd
H = elevation change, ft
G = gas gravity, Mgas/Mair
P1 = gas inlet pressure, psia
P2 = gas outlet pressure, psia
L
= pipe length, ft
f
= friction coefficient, 1/f
= transmission factor
D
= inside diameter of the pipeline, inch
Qb ~ 1/f
Qb ~ D2.5
Source: Mohitpour
Source: Mohitpour
Formula Application
Formula
Usage
Panhandle A (Partially
Turbulent)
AGA (Partially
Turbulent)
Panhandle B (Fully
Turbulent)
Weymouth (Fully
Turbulent)
Colebrooke-White
Flow equation
P vs. Qb
P12-P22 = K Qbn
K
Qb
= flow-rate exponent
Flow Equation
- Resistance factor and flow-rate exponent
Source: Mohitpour
Flow Equation
-Impact of Molecular Weight and
Compressibility
Qb ~ 1/GZ
Source: Mohitpour
Source: Mohitpour
P2
D1
K1
Qb
P3
D2 K2 Qb
P1 2- P22 = K1 Qbn
P4
D3 K3
Qb
P2 2- P32 = K2 Qbn
Kt = K1 + K2 + K 3
n
b2
P1
Qb2
K1
D1
P2 Qb
K2
Qb = Qb1 + Qb2
D2
Source: Mohitpour
ue= C/0.5
C = a constant defined as 75 < C < 150
For gas transmission C =100
MAWP
Maximum allowable pressure
P = (2St/D) x F x L x E x T
where
P = design pressure, lb/in2
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS), lb/in2
t = wall thickness, in
D= nominal outside diameter, in
F= design factor
E= longitudinal joint factor
L= location factor
T= Temperature derating factor
Source: Mohitpour
Pipeline Materials
1. Ensure that the material selected will perform safely, reliably,
and efficiently
2. Material performance criteria:
-
Type of Materials
Steel Pipe
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM A 106, ASTM A 134, ASTM A 135,
ASTM A 139, ASTM A 333, ASTM A 38, ASTM A 671, ASTM A
672
Iron Pipe
Ductile iron pipe manufactured in accordance with ANSI A21.52
Plastic Pipe
ASTM D 2513 - Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and
Fittings
ASTM D 2517 - Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and
Fittings
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSOR - TYPE
Positive Displacement
Reciprocating Compressor
Rotary Compressor
Dinamic
Centrifugal (radial) compressor
Axial Compressor
Centrifugal
Compressor
Axial
Compressor
COMPRESSOR - DRIVER
Gas turbine
Electric motor
Steam turbin
Turbo expander
OFFSHORE PIPELINE
Offshore Pipeline
Design
Submarine-Pipeline Design
Considerations
Line sizing
Route selection
Hydrodynamic stability
analysis
Solid liquefaction analysis
Solid movement analysis
Ice movement and sour data
Pipe protection
method/burial requirement
Pipe buckling analysis
Thermal load//flexibility
analysis
Source: Mousselli
Design condition
Some of the factors which may influence the safety and
reliability of an offshore pipeline and riser include:
(a) waves
(b) current
(c) marine soils
(d) wind
(e) ice
(f) seismic activity
(g) temperature
(h) pressure
(i) water depth
(j) support settlement
(k) accidental loads
(l) commercial shipping (n) fishing/shrimping activities
The design of offshore pipelines is often controlled by
installation considerations rather than by operating load
conditions
Source: ASME
Route selection
Avoid bottom obstruction or possible pipe
spans
Avoid other pipeline crossing whenever
possible
Avoid anchoring areas
Minimize pipe length in unstable sea floor
Avoid any mounted obstruction and
depressions which may cause spans
In mud-flow areas, minimize any soilmovement risk of damage to the pipe
Source: Mousselli
Sizing Consideration
Type of hydrocarbon contents
Throughput
Compressor capacity
Pressure loss along the pipe length
and pipeline route
Flow and hydraulic calculations to
account for friction losses between
contents and the pipeline
Offshore pipeline standard
DNV OS-F101
ASME B31.S-199
Source: Mousselli
Material Specification
Depending on:
water depth, water temperature, internal pressure, product
composition, product temperature, installation method and/or other
loading conditions.
Thus, consideration may include one or more of the following:
(a) wall thickness tolerance
(b) outside diameter tolerance
(c) out-of-roundness
(d) maximum and minimum yield and tensile strengths
(e) maximum carbon equivalent
(f) fracture toughness
(g) hardness
(h) pipe mill hydrostatic testing and other mechanical testing
Source: ASME
BUCKLING
Source: B M T F l e e t T e c h n o l o g y
Source: Mousselli
Source: Mousselli
Source: Mousselli
Offshore Pipeline
Installation
Installation Methods
Lay barge method
Reel barge method
Source: Mousselli
Source: Mousselli
Pipeline maintenance
Pipeline Patrolling
Each operating company shall maintain a periodic pipeline
patrolling program to observe conditions on and adjacent
to the pipeline right-of-way, indication of leaks, construction
activity other than that performed by the company, and any
other factors affecting the safety and operation of the
pipeline. These inspections should be made as often as
necessary to maintain the integrity of the pipeline. Records
of these inspections shall be maintained for the life of the
facility
PIM activities
Prevention
Integrity management program involves prevention measures including external coating and
cathodic protection of the pipe in order to minimize the potential for corrosion. Regular training
and rigorous qualification procedures for pipeline workers also help to ensure safe and
efficient operation of the pipeline
Monitoring
Since the first inspection using high-resolution In-Line Inspection tools, referred to as "smart
pigs". Routine aircraft patrol providing regular visual inspections of the entire pipeline right-ofway
Mitigation
Defects identified through monitoring are categorized using comprehensive fitness-forpurpose criteria. The need for remedial action or repair work is based on the goal of ensuring
a long-life asset and preventing failures. Defects that do not meet acceptance levels will be
subject to maintenance activities
Trending, Analysis & Development Data gathered from these activities is trended and
analyzed in order to improve the effectiveness of the programs. Specifications and procedures
are amended as needed, and key trends provide guidance for program development.
PEUI -2007
Satelite Monitoring
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
Pipe Logistic
Bending
Preheating
Join Coating
Horizontal Directional
Drilling
Horizontal Directional
Drilling