Prediction of

Surface Radiative Properties

Theoretical
frame
work
1)electromagnetic theory :
Maxwells equation
2) characteristics of radiative wave
propagation :
optical properties from electric
and
magnetic properties , , re

dielectrics
c0
n c0
c
conductor
s
2
2

0
0
n2
1

2 c0 re

c0

2
2

1 1

1/ 2

2 c0 re

1/ 2

3)interaction of the
electromagnetic wave with the
interface between two media :
laws of reflection and refraction
(Snells law and Fresnel
equation)
4) prediction of emissivity and
reflectivity

Radiative wave propagation

within a medium
Maxwells equation
E E
H
H
, E
,
t re
t
E 0, H 0
H: magnetic intensity,
E: electric intensity in SI
units
: magnetic permeability
: electric permittivity

Within an infinite, homogeneous,

isotropic medium
1)Propagation in perfect dielectric
media
very large electric resistivity re

E E
H
H
, E
,
t re
t
E
H
H
, E
,
t
t
E 0, H 0

For plane wave: all the quantities

concerned with the wave are
constant over any y-z plane at any
time.

Then

0
y z
,
and H components can be
eliminated.
2
2
Ey Ey
2 Ez 2 Ez

2
2
2
2
t
x
t
x
Wave equations governing the
propagation of Ey and Ez in the x
direction

y
Ey
Hy

Electric field wave polarized in xy

plane, traveling in x direction
For polarized electromagnetic
wave: E contained in x-y plane

Ey Ey

2
2
t
x
2

General solution

t
t
Ey f x
g x

propagation in the
negative x directions

positive

and

Consider a wave propagating in the

positive x direction

t
Ey f x

dx
1

c : speed of
propagation
dt

speed:
light

For a fixed wavelength (spectral

wave)
at the origin, x = 0
E y E yM exp i t E yM cos t i sin t

: angular frequency
2 2 c / 2 c0 / 0
A wave traveling in the positive x
direction

E y E yM exp i t
c

E y E yM exp i t x

simple refractive index:

0 0

c0
n c0
c

E y E yM exp i t x

n
E y E yM exp i t
c0

EyM: undiminished amplitude

through
the medium

Propagation in isotropic media of

finite conductivity

n
E y E yM exp i t
c0

x exp x

c0

: extinction coefficient or
absorption index indicates
absorption of the energy of the wave
as it travels through the medium.
complex refractive
index
n n i

 2Ey 2Ey Ey

2
2
t
x
re t
i 0 c0
2
2
c0 n i
,
2 re
0 c0
2
2
2
n c0 , n
4 re
2 1/ 2

2
0
0
n
1

2 c0 re

2 1/ 2

2
0
0

2 c0 re

Reflectivity
(directional-hemispherical spectral specular)

Fresnel equation
(M. Born & E. Wolf Principles of Optics pp.
36-51)

1) Between two perfect dielectrics

n1
n2

Snells
law
sin n1

sin n2

 tan
P( )

tan( )

sin
, ( )

sin

P( ) ( )
( )
2
1 tan ( ) sin ( )

2
2 tan ( ) sin 2 ( )
2

1 sin 2 ( )
cos 2 ( )

2
2
2 sin ( )
cos ( )

sin n1

sin n2

using Snells
law
n / n 2 cos n / n 2 sin 2
2 1
2 1

P( )
2
2

n2 / n1 cos n2 / n1 sin 2

2
1/
2
n / n 2 sin 2

cos
2 1

( )

1/
2
2

n2 / n1 sin 2
cos

n2 n1
n

n2 n1

1/ 2

1/ 2

2) From vacuum(or air) to absorbing

media a 2 b 2 2a sin tan sin 2 tan 2
P( ) 2
( )
2
2
2
a b 2a sin tan sin tan
a b 2a cos cos
( ) 2
a b 2 2a cos cos 2
where
2

2a 2 n2 2 sin 2 4n2 2

1/ 2

2b 2 n2 2 sin 2 4n 2 2

n2 1

n
2
2
n2 1 2
2

2
2

n2 2 sin 2
1/ 2

n2 2 sin 2

Emissivity
( ) 1 ( )
2

4n
n 1

Dielectrics n 1

2
n 1
n 1
1
usin cos d

g
2
2
2
3
n

1
n

1
n ( n 1)
n 1

ln

2
3
2
2
6 n 1
n 1 n 1
2 n n 2 n 1
3

1 n 1
4

8n ( n 1)
4

2
4
n

1
n

lnn

Metals : cos ~ 1
4n cos
P( ) 2
2
2
n

cos

2n cos 1
4n cos
( )
cos 2 2n cos n 2 2

P( ) ( )
( )
2
n

4n

n 1

1 2n n
4n 4n ln
2
2
n
2

4n n
2

tan

2
2
n n

2
4n
4n
2
2
2

ln(1 2n n )
2
2
2
2
n
n
4n n 2 2

tan
2
1 n
n2 2
1

Theoretical trend
directional dependence
1) Dielectrics

2) Conductors
n

= 0

spectral dependence
1) Dielectrics

2) Conductors

visible

visible

Directional emissivity of ideal

dielectrics predicted by EM theory

Directional spectral emissivity of platinum

at wavelength = 2 m

Hagen Rubens emissivity relation

for metals with small re for long
0
wavelength
1
0 > ~ 5 m,
2 c0 re
2

c0
n
2
2

1 1

c0

2
2

2 1/ 2

2 c0 re

1 1

2 1/ 2

2 c0 re

0 0 c0
0.0030
n

, 0 m , re cm

4 re
re

Directional spectral
(in the direction
normal to the surface)
emissivity
4n
4n
. n ( ) 1 . n ( ) 2
Q n
2
2n 2n 1
n 1 2

2 2
1
1
1
. n ( ) 2 3 5 6
n n
n
2n
2n
0.0030
n
for 0 > ~ 5 m, large n
1/ 2
re
2 re
2 re
. n ( )


0.003 0
0.003 0
Note:

re T . n ( )

re
. n ( ) 36.5
0

1/ 2

re
T
464 , re re ,273
0
273

Directional total emissivity

1
n (T )
. n e b d
4 0
T
1
1/ 2

2 re / 0.0030 e0b d 0
4 0
T
1/ 2
0.575 reT 0.0348 re ,273 T
with additional
n (T ) 0.575( reT )1/ 2 0.177( reT ) 0.058( reT )3 / 2
terms
two-term approximation:
1/ 2

n (T ) 0.576( reT ) 0.124( reT )

three-term approximation:
n (T ) 0.578( reT )1/ 2 0.178( reT ) 0.0584( reT )3 / 2

 (T ) 0.766( reT )1/ 2 0.309 0.0889 ln reT reT 0.0175( reT )3 / 2

Parker & Abbott

Hemispherical total emissivity of various

metals compared with theory

Ex 4-4
n ?

black enclosure
at Ti = 500 K

polished platinum
surface at TA = 250
K
Hagen Rubens emissivity
relation
,n T , n (T ) 0.0348 re ,273 T
platinu
m:

re ,293 105

black enclosure
at Ti = 500 K

n ?

polished platinum
surface at TA = 250
K
?

n (T ) 0.0348 re ,273 T
,n T

n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1 n (250 K)

n (250 K)

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b (500 K)d

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b (500 K)d

(250 K)
n

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b d

Sinc ,n T
e
250
1
,n (250 K)
,n (500 K)
,n (500 K)
500
2
1
,n (500 K)i b (500 K)d

0
2
n (250 K)

ib (500 K)d
0

n (500 K)

 n (500 K)
n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1
2
273
T
n (500 K) 0.0348 re ,273 T 0.0348 re ,293
293
273
5
0.0348 10
500 0.053
293
0.053
n (250 K) 1
0.963
2
With gray body assumption
n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1 n (250 K)
1 0.0348 re ,273 T
1 0.0348 10

273
250 1 0.027 0.973
293