Stress Analysis ME-416

Lecture 13
Shahbaz Mahmood
Khan
Research Associate
Office G10, Faculty Lobby, FME
E-mail: shahbaz@giki.edu.pk
Ext: 2209

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL

Hookes Law
For linear elastic material, the stress is
proportional to strain, =E, where E, the modulus
of elasticity is the constant of proportionality.
Modulus of Elasticity is the property of a material.
The above statement is valid for only one
dimension case.
In general for more dimensions we have two
categories of materials:
1) Anisotropic Materials.
2) Isotropic Materials.

Hookes Law
Anisotropic materials have different
material properties in different directions.
Thus do not exhibit a unique constant (like
E in one dimensional case of linear
elastic material).
Isotropic materials have properties
independent of the directions they are
measured from. But the lateral effects can
not be ignored. Thus, again more
constants exist.

Hookes Law: Anisotropic Elasticity

As we have different properties in different
directions we can write the general Hookes
Law, as:

lm=Cijlm Where, I, j = 1,2,6; l, m = x, y, z

For a symmetric stress and strain tensors there
exist 6 independent components each.
Thus there exist 6X6=36 coefficients called the
elastic coefficients:

Hookes Law: Anisotropic Elasticity

We know:

So,

(See Sec. 2.7.3 , Boresi)

Hookes Law: Anisotropic Elasticity

Again differentiating:

Thus, only 21 unique constants remain.

Cij=Cji. In general:

Hookes Law: isotropic Elasticity

A material is said to be elastically isotropic
if its properties are invariant with respect
to the rotation of the coordinates.
And Homogeneous if every point in the
body exhibits the same material
properties.
Strain energy density of isotropically
elastic materials depend only on the
principal strains (1, 2, 3).

Hookes Law: isotropic Elasticity

Let principal planes lie along the x, y, z
axes then:

There exists a principal plane direction and

its corresponding lateral direction.
So we can say
Only 2 constants remain.

Hookes Law: isotropic Elasticity

So for linear elastic isotropic materials, the strain
energy density may be represented as:

Where,
They are called the Lames Constants. If the
material is homogeneous then at each point in
the body the constants are the Lames Constants.

Where,

Hookes Law: isotropic Elasticity

If,
Then,

Thermo-elasticity (Isotropic materials)

Unconstrained homogeneous isotropic
elastic material member undergoes a
temperature change of T.
All elements in the volume undergo equal
expansions. Thus,
Where , is the thermal co-efficient of
expansion. The change is represented as:

Thermo-elasticity (Isotropic materials)

The change in the temperature is a
function of space coordinates and time.

Where,

Thermo-elasticity (Isotropic materials)

The components of strain are hence given
as:

Thermo-elasticity (Isotropic materials)

Strain energy density in terms of strain
components:

Strain energy density in terms of stress

components:

15

END OF LECTURE 13