BANK & LEMBAGA

KEUANGAN NON BANK 1

Provided by
Ari Raharjo

Asal Muasal
Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual
& pembeli bertemu langsung)
Berkembang: muncul perantara
(penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu
langsung)
Muncul uang sbg alat pembayaran
Perantara uang adl lembaga
keuangan

Sejarah
Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000
thn sblm masehi)
Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda &
Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas
& perak sbg alat pbyran

Bank vs non bank

Penghimpunan dana
Langsung mrpk
simpanan masy
Tidak langsung
berupa kertas
berharga/penyerta
an/pinjaman

Tidak langsung
berupa kertas
berharga/penyerta
an/pinjaman

Bank vs non bank

Penyaluran dana
Utk modal kerja,
investasi, konsumsi
Utk badan usaha
dan individu
Utk jangka pendek,
menengah dan
panjang

Terutama utk
investasi
Terutama utk
badan usaha
Terutama utk
jangka menengah &
panjang

Jenis Lemb Keu

Perbankan (UU no. 10,
1998:
Jenis:
Bank Umum
BPR
Prinsip Usaha:
Konvensional
Syariah

Non Bank:
Leasing
Asuransi
Modal ventura
Anjak Piutang
Pegadaian
Dana pensiun
Kartu kredit
Pasar modal

Klasifikasi uang
Narrow Money (M1):
Uang kartal (uang
kertas, koin)
Uang Giral/demand
deposite (giro)

Broad Money:
M2 = M1 + Saving
deposite
(tabungan) + Time
deposite (deposito)
M3 = M2 +
simpanan dana di
LKBB

Tingkat likuiditas:
Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB
M1 > M2 > M3

Fungsi Bank
1. Agent of Trust
2. Agent of Development (pemberian
kredit utk pembangunan
3. Agent of services (jasa transfer,
save deposite box, jaminan bank)

Financial Intermediaries
Fund
Unit
Defisit
Borrowers
Income

Fund

Bank
&
Non Bank

Unit
Surplus
Lenders
Income

Otoritas Moneter
UU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral BI
Tugas BI:
Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter:
laju inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk
diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit,
kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa
Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem
pembayaran
Mengatur & mengawasi bank

Kesehatan Bank
BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal
Lending Limit)
Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib
minimum/reserve requirement
Posisi devisa netto (Net open position):
selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas
Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy
Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd
Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)

Kesehatan Bank
Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit
berbanding dana pihak ketiga
Return on Asset & Return on Equity

Regulasi
Sebelum thn 1980
Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan
Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank
pemerintah)
Bank menanggung program pemerintah
Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU)
Bank swasta relatif sedikit
Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968,
BDN 1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960

Regulasi
Sejak 1980 1990
Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit,
pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku
bunga
1984: BI menerbitkan SBI
Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor
bank, kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh
menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun
mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman, Penambahan
modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal

Regulasi
Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan
bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak
piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit,
pembiayaan konsumen
Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan
aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL,
KUK, LDR)

Regulasi

Dampak:
Adanya kepastian hukum
Bank swasta bertambah
Tingkat persaingan bank naik
SBI & SBPU semakin populer
Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik

Regulasi
Sejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997
Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun
Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat
Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga tab/dep
> kredit)
Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999,
UU no. 10 1998 dst
Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm krisis
mjd 89 bank)

Jenis Bank
Menurut Kegiatan Usaha:
Bank Umum
Bank Perkreditan Rakyat

Bank Umum
Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan
memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas
pembayaran
Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro,
deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito,
tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutang,
transfer, save deposit box, dll

BPR
Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan
tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas
pembayaran
Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito
berjangka, tabungan), kredit

MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA
Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS)
Act

= The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act

No.10/1998

License
Supervision

Bank

= Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank

= The Central Bank Act No.23/1999

BRI Unit
Act
License
Supervision

MFIs

Formal
Non
Bank

= The Banking Act No.10/1998

= Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank
= * BRI Branches
* Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial
Bank)
Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD)
Act
= Banking Act No.10/1998
License
= Based on Decree of Ministry of
Finance
Supervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia
Cooperatives (KOSIPA)
Act
= Cooperative Act No.25/1992
License
= State Ministry of cooperative &
SME
Supervision = State Ministry of cooperative &
SME
Pawnshop:

Non
Formal

Owned by the government

LDKP (Village Fund and Credit
Supervision : Ministry of Finance
Institutions)
Act
=
--------License
= Governor of each
Province
Supervision
Non Government Organization
(NGO) = Local
Government Level I
Self Help Group
BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic

I. MICROFINANCE PROFILE
Institution

No. of
Unit

Total Asset
( Billion Rp )

Total Saving
(Billion Rp )

No.
Depositors
(thousand)

Total Loan
( Billion Rp)

No. of
Debtors
(thousand)

BANK
BRI Unit (Mar-07)

4, 229

48,535

44,389

30,090

27,789

3,443

Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07)

1.823

26,080

17,690

6,707

20,434

2,578

BKD (Aug--07)

5,345

372

71

460

237

383

SUB TOTAL

11,278

69,059

54,414

39,473

42,908

6,245

Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00)

1,097

85

85

Na

531

655

Village Credit Institution in Bali

(LPD) (Dec-04)

1,296

1,437

1,117

970

966

317

850

3,474

Na

Na

2,789

Na

3,243

4,996

1,202

970

4,286

972

3,043

Na

567

1,756

549

1,680

3,043

Na

567

1,756

549

1,680

17,564

74,055

56,183

42,199

47,743

8,897

NON BANK
A. FORMAL

Pawnshop (Dec-04)
SUB TOTAL
B. NON FORMAL
Cooperatives under Syariah
Principles (BMT) (Sept-04)
SUB TOTAL
TOTAL

*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

1.

19th Century under the colonial period

BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa
(Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank Desa
(Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village Credit
Agency)

2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 :

BPR could be established by a minimum capital requirements
of 50 millions rupiahs
3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of 1992.
This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks : commercial
banks and rural banks

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992
Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low
income level community especially in rural areas.
Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from
ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks
max in 1 (one) year
Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural
banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government
regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the
requirement was October 31, 1997.

III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp)

No.

Accounts

2003

2004

2005

2006

Sep 2007

No. of Rural Banks

2,141

2,141

2,158

2,009

1,880

1,823

Total Asset

9,080

12,635

16,707

20,393

23,045

26,080

Loan:

- total

6,683

8,985

12,149

14,654

16,948

20,434

- no. of accounts (in thousands)

1,825

1,993

2,167

2,478

2,471

2,578

Third party fund

6,126

8,868

11,161

13,178

15,771

17,690

- Total

2,002

2,617

3,301

3,757

4,581

5,375

- No. of accounts (in thousands)

4,891

5,046

5,439

5,672

6,555

6,336

4,124

6,251

7,860

9,421

11,190

12,315

438

489

322

332

365

371

338

429

539

604

509

513

8.7%

8,0%

7.59%

7.98%

9.73%

8.49%

5.9

5.6

5.3

5.8

6.83

5.06%

77%

74.5%

80.7%

82%

87,37%

84.26%

3.0%

2.96%

2.62%

a. Saving Deposit

b. Time Deposit
- Total

2002

- No. of accounts (in thousands)

Current year profit/ loss

Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross

Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net

Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)

Return on Asset (RoA)

3.72%

3.4%

3.2%

10

Rural Bank Soundness

-Sound

65%

67%

68%

71%

69.3%

69.6%

-Fairly sound

16%

17%

16%

13%

14.3%

14,4%

-Less sound

9%

8%

8%

9%

9.9%

11,2%

10%

8%

8%

7%

6.5%

4,8%

-Unsound

RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES

RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS

1. LOCATION
a. Close to its community
b. Located primarily in rural areas
2. ORGANIZATION
a. Community banking system within province
b. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation
3. OPERATION
a. Can only take deposits and provide loans
b. Can not access to payment system
c. Can not deal with foreign exchange
4. PROCEDURES
- BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3
days)
- Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form
- BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit
installment)
5. PRODUCTS
a. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly)
- mostly for working capital
b. Deposit : saving and time deposit
6. CUSTOMERS
a. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city
b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel;
services; and others

RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON

ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007

Jenis Bank
Menurut Bentuk Badan Usaha
PT
Koperasi
Perusahaan Daerah
Menurut target pasar:
Retail bank
Corporate bank
Retail-corporate bank

Aktiva Bank
Giro (checking account): simpanan yg
penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg
cek atau bilyet giro.
Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat
penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan
Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd
tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm
bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan

Aktiva Bank
Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak
III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan
waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian
Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg
pengambilannya dpt dilakukan
sewaktu2.

Aktiva Bank
Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak
III yang pencairannya pd waktu
tertentu dan bunganya dibayar
didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan
Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt
dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih
dahulu

Aktiva Bank
Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan:
menjaga saldo giro minimal
Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg
bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call
money market (kalah kliring / rush)
Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek &
menengah

Aktiva bank
KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank
yg kalah kliring / rush
Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC
atau Bank Garansi
Jasa Transfer
SBPU

Aktiva bank
Sumber lain:
1. Setoran jaminan (Storjam)
Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi

2. Dana Transfer
Dana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan
oleh bank

3. SBPU
Beli dg harga discount dan dpt
diperjualbelikan pd saat bank kurang likuid

Jenis Kredit
Kredit Modal Kerja
Kredit Investasi
Kredit Konsumsi

Jasa-jasa Bank
Bank Garansi
Letter of Credit
(LC)
Pengiriman uang
Kliring & inkaso
Kartu plastik
Money changer

Telebanking
Custodian
Wali amanat
Safe deposite box
Traveller check

Mekanisme LC
Bank di Indonesia

Bank Asing

2 4 5 6

PT Ekspor

2 5 6

PT Asing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Kontrak jual beli

Buka LC
Klarifikasi antar bank
Info LC sdh dibuka
Kirim brg & dok
Pembayaran

Kliring:
Adl pertukaran warkat atau data
keuangan elektronik antar bank baik
atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang
perhitungannya diselesaikan pada
waktu tertentu
Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang
tunai

Bank Umum Syariah

Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998
Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya
baik penghimpunan dana maupun
penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan
atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan
bagi hasil.

Prinsip Kegiatan usaha

Hiwalah:
Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah
(muhil) kpd bank (muhalalaih) dari
nasabah lain (muhal)
Ijarah:
Akad sewa menyewa barang antar bank
(muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).

Istisha:
Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg
penerima pesanan
Kafalah:
Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan
satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi
jaminan bertanggungjawab atas
pembayaran kembali suatu hutang

Mudharabah:
Akad antara pemilik modal dg
pengelola utk memperoleh
keuntungan.
Murabahah:
Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabah
Musyarakah:
Akad kerjasama usaha patungan

Qardh
Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak
tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml
yg sama sesuai pinjaman
Al Rahn
Akad penyerahan brg harta dr
nasabah kpd bank sbg jaminan
Sharf
Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta
lain

Wadiah
Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak
yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi
kepercayaan utk menjaga
keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg
Wakalah
Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi
kuasa kpd penerima kuasa

 Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun