Interna - DM
Interna - DM
DIABETES MELLITUS
Garis Besar Kuliah untuk Mahasiswa Semester-7
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya
Surabaya, 30 Oktober 2003
2003
(35A)
2
SEJARAH
1550 th SM :
200 th SM :
Th. 1674
Th. 1869
SEJARAH
Th. 1909 :
Th. 1921 :
Th. 1954 :
4
Data DM Di RS Pendidikan Dr. Soetomo (Hospital Data)
(1964 - 2001)
Jumlah DM yang terdaftar di Poli Endokrinologi RSU Dr. Soetomo
Surabaya sejak 1964
1964 : 133 px
1985 : 9150
1990 : 15381
1995 : 22029
2000 : 33636
1970
: 1061
1986
: 10278
1991
: 16567
1996
: 26406
2001
1975
: 2914
1987
: 11475
1992
: 17667
1997
: 27824
1980 : 5654
1988 : 12608
1993 : 19039
1998 : 29394
1984 : 8222
1989 : 13818
1994 : 20366
1999
: 31457
Dari 133 tahun 1964 menjadi 35606 tahun 2001 (268 kali lipat),
dengan pertambahan pasien baru rerata + 150 penderita DM pertahun
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: 35606
12.1%
5.7%
Dyslipidemia
Symptomatic Neuropathy
Erectile Dysfunction
Retinopathy
Joint Manifestation
Cataract
Pulmonary Tbc
Hypertension (WHO,1983)
CHD
Clinical Nephropathy
Stroke
Cellulitis - Gangrene
Symptomatic Gall Stone
Retinopathy
67.0
27.2
25.5
51.4
50.9
30 million in USA
(FELDMAN, et al 1994)
16.3
12.8
Hypertension in Europe : 30 %
12.1
(Williams, 1991)
10.0
5.7
Commulative Prevalence of CVD : 63.0%
4.2
(in line with Dyslipidemia)
3.8
3.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0%
6
Differences in Rates (%) of NIDDM in Major Ethnic Groups
(McCarty & Zimmet 1994, Provided : Tjokroprawiro 1989, 1994, 2000)
LOWEST REPORTED RATES
(Hispanic) Central Mexico
(Micronesian) Rural Kiribati
(Polynesian) Rural Western Samoa
(European) Poland
(Asian Indian) Rural India
(Melanesian) Rural Fiji
(Oriental) Rural Chinese
Indonesia (East Java) :
- Urban (Adimasta et al 1980)
- Rural (Tjokroprawiro et al 1989)
Susp. MRDM :+21% of DM in Rurals
African Rural Tanzania
(Arab) Rural Tunisia
22.0
14.6
14.2
14.1
13.1
10.6
10.3
10.2
8.5
7
Regional Estimates of Diabetes Mellitus : 1994-2020
(McCarty & Zimmet 1994, Tattersall 1996, Tjokroprawiro 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002)
6.6
EUROPE
NIDDM : 8.7 Million
18.5
USA
NIDDM : 12 Million
15.1
51.4
5.3
4.5
12.6
0.9
DM in Indonesia (Minimally)
Year 1994 : 2.5 Million
Year 1998 : 3.5 Million
Year 2000 : 4.0 Million
Year 2010 : 5.0 Million
Year 2020 : 6.5 Million
8
Macam Insulin
1.
a, b dan c
Insulin Monokomponen
Highly Purified Insulin) =
misalnya
Actrapid
Semua dari
Novo Industries.
Insulatard (identik dengan NPH)
Ada juga
short
Mixtard
(campuran
dari Novo.
3.
4.
Insulin Analogues
( 2 macam ) :
A. Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogue : ASPB9,ASPB10,ASPB28,GluB27, Insulin Lis Pro
B. Long-Action Insulin Analogue : Insulin Glargine (R/Lantus)
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9
Expert Committee Report
Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
(Konsensus PERKENI 2002, ADA 2003, Summarized : Tjokroprawiro 2003)
I Type 1 Diabetes
* ( -cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency)
A. Immune Mediated
B. Idiopathic
II Type 2 Diabetes* (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative
insulin defiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance)
III Other Specific Types
A Genetic Defects of
-cell function
B Genetic Defects in insulin
C Diseases of the Exocrine
Pancreas
D Endocrinophathies
E Drug-or Chemical-Induced
F Infections
G Uncommon form of Immune-mediated
Diabetes
H Other Genetic Syndromes sometimes
associated with Diabetes
10
2
3
Flow Chart of
PERKENI Consensus-2002
or
Two Positive Findings
1
FPG
CPG
3 2h-PG
2h-PG 200
CPG 200
11
yang tidak
12
Dislipidemia (HDL < 35 mg/dl dan atau Trigliserida > 250 mg/dl)
IMT > 23
kg/m2
untuk Indonesia;
WHO :
IMT > 30
Pelaksanaan TTGO
(Tes Toleransi Glukosa Oral)
1
13
14
Langkah-langkah Diagnostik DM dan Gangguan Toleransi Glukosa
(Konsensus Perkeni 2002)
Keluhan Klinis Diabetes
> 126
GDP
atau
GDS
< 126
> 200
GDP
atau
GDS
< 200
> 126
110-125
< 110
> 200
110-199
GDP
atau
GDS
> 126
< 126
> 200
< 200
TTGO
GD 2 Jam
> 200
D I AB E T E S M E L L I T U S
140-199
TGT
< 140
GDPT
Normal
- Nasihat Umum
- Perencanaan Makan
- Latihan Jasmani
- Berat Idaman
- Belum Perlu Obat Penurun Glukosa
1.
2.
* Sekresi Insulin :
Second phase
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15
16
DM-Tipe 2
(DMT2)
DMTM = MRDM
Surabaya-Kobe 1989
"DM-Tipe X"*)
(Askandar, 1991)
Dx-Dugaan :
1 DM
2 Diet - Dependent 1 DM
2 Umur sekitar 14-40 th
atau OHO
3 BBR <80%, BMI <19
Dependent
4 Resisten insulin
3 Tanpa Insulin
5 Resisten ketosis
> 10 hr. tidak
timbul KAD
Dx-Definitif :
4 C-peptide >0.8
Dx-Dugaan ditambah
1 PABA test <60%
2 C-peptide >0.6
MODY
NIDDM pada
usia sekitar
20 th
Calon menjadi
DM-Tipe 1(??)
(DM-Tipe X-3)
MODY-1
MODY-2
MODY-3
MODY-4
MODY-5
17
Diagnosis dan Klasifikasi Nefropati Diabetik
(Kriteria Surabaya 1985)
Diagnosis
Nefropati-Diabetik (ND)
DM
Retinopati Diabetik
*) Harapan Hidup pada saat ini (th 2003) diduga lebih panjang lagi
berhubung kemajuan terapi dan adanya perkembangan baru
dibidang
18
19
Pentalogi-Terapi Diabetes Mellitus
(Askandar Tjokroprawiro 1983-2002)
Obat Hipoglikemik
Insulin
Sel Beta
: pada Tikus*)
Total
: pada Anjing*)
Cangkok Pankreas
Pusat
Diabetes dan Nutrisi
Surabaya (1989)
20
Nutrisi pada Diabetes Mellitus
(Askandar Tjokroprawiro 2002)
1,E
2,E
1
2
3,E
4,E
5,E
21
DIET - ENTERAL dalam Praktek Sehari-hari
("SONDE")
(Tjokroprawiro, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002)
1 6 kali sehari;
3 Interval 3 jam
Enteral-1
(E-1)
Enteral-2
(E-2)
Enteral-3
(E-3)
Enteral-4
(E-4)
Enteral-5
(E-5)
Enteral-6
(E-6)
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
6
Neomune
Nephrisol
*) Phar. Form
**) Mixer
Insulin
Hospital Formula (Mixer) : E
*) Nutrition atau Mixer
*) Phar. Form
**) Mixer
Insulin
2, E 4,
*) Phar. Form
Insulin
Pharm. Formula : E
1, E 3, E 5
Aminoleban EN
Falkamin, Nephrisol
AAE : E
5 atau E 6
22
(1978)
Diet-M
(1989)
Diet-B Puasa
(1978)
Diet-M Puasa
(1989)
Diet-B1
(1980)
Diet-B1 Puasa
(1980)
Diet-B2***
1
2
Diet-B*)
10
Diet-G**
11
Diet-KV
(1999)
12
Diet-GL
(2000)
13
Diet-H**
(1999)
(1982)
Diet-B3***
(1983)
Diet-Be***
(1983)
(2001)
23
Makanan Suplemen Ateroprotektif
(Rangkuman Klinik : Tjokroprawiro 2001)
TKW - PJKA - BK
Kaya Antioxidants, Phyto Estrogen, *) Arginin
apaya
eruk
urma
pel
omat
B
rokoli
ubis
acang*)
ortel
24
DIET-B (1978)*
Kbh 68% kal, L 20% kal, Protein 12% kal, Kolesterol < 300 mg/hari,
SAFA 5%, PUFA 5%, MUFA 10%, Rasio PS + 1.0, Serat 25-35 g/hari
Indikasi :
Dislipidemia (TG
, HDL
, Kol.
, LDL
25
Diet-G = Diet-H :
Diet-B1
Diet-B1
G angrene or
H epar
plus 6 Specifications
20% P
Diet-B (% Cal) :
Arginin Content
Arginin Content
Folate
Folate
Vit B6
Vit B6
Vit B12
May Reduce
Homocysteinemia
Vit B12
Arginin
Homocysteine
: Atheroprotective
: Atherogenic
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May Reduce
Homocysteinemia
26
Pedoman Diet-B2, Diet-B3, dan Diet-Be
Konsensus : Diabetologi, Nefrologi, Gizi
RSUD Dr. Soetomo - FK Unair Surabaya
(Surabaya : 6 April 2002)
Fase Pra-Hemodialisa (Diet-B2, B3)
(Fase Pra-HD)
1
Pra-HD
Umum
: Diet-B
Pra-HD
Khusus
: Diet-B
Intensivitas Menghambat
27
Sulfonilurea
Generik
Produk orisinal
Mg/tab
Dosis harian
Lama kerja
Frek/hari
Klorpropamid
Glibenklamid
100-250
2,5-5
100-500
2,5-15
24-36
12-24
1
1-2
5-10
5-20
10-16
80
80-240
10-20
1-2
1
1-2
Glikuidon
Glimepirid
Diabenese
Daonil
Euglucon
Minidiab
Glucotrol-XL**
Diamicron
Diamicron-MR**
Glurenom
Amaryl
Repaglinid
NovoNorm
Nateglinid
Rosiglitazon*
Pioglitazon
Acarbose
Starlix
Metformin
Kombinasi
Metformin +
Glibenklamid
Glucophage
Glucovance*
Glipizid
Gliklazid
Glinid
Tiazolidindion
Penghambat
Glukosidase
Biguanid
Actos
Glucobay
30
1,
2,
3,
4
0,5,
1,
2
120
4
15,30
50-100
500-850
30-120
0,5-6
24
1,5-6
360
4-8
15-30
100-300
24
24
3
1
1
3
250-3000
6-8
Pemberian
Sebelum
makan
Tidak bergantung
jadwal makan
Bersama suapan
pertama
1-3
Bersama /
sesudah
makan
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28
Insulin Secretagogues :
: Glimepiride
(R/Amaryl)
No Effects at CV KATP
Channels, Antiplatelet
ATHEROPROTECTIVE
Novel PGR
Gliclazide - MR
4
5
6
29
Glinid
Metformin
1,5 - 2,5 %
1,5 - 2,5 %
Diare, dispepsia,
asidosis laktat
1,5 - 2,5 %
Penghambat
Menghambat absorpsi glukosa
Glukosidase Alfa
Flatulens
tinja lembek
0,5 - 1,0 %
Tiazolidindion
(Glitazon)
Edema
1,3 %
Insulin
Hipoglikemia,
BB naik
Potensial
normal
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30
Syarat OHO berhasil baik adalah : Diet dan Latihan
Fisik harus dilaksanakan dengan benar (3J) dan
diberikan pada penderita DM yang :
1 Umur > 40 th .
2 Lama DM-nya kurang dari 5 th
.
3 Belum pernah suntik insulin, atau bila pernah
suntik insulin : kebutuhan insulin kurang dari 20
unit per hari.
4 Belum pernah mengalami Keto Asidosis Diabetik.
J1 = Jumlah ;
J2 = Jenis ;
J3 = Jadwal
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31
Macam Insulin
Buatan
C epat :
Novo-Rapid*
Humalog*
Pendek :
Actrapid
Humulin-R
Menengah :
Insulatard Human
Monotard Human
Humulin-N
Campuran :
Mixtard 30/70
Humulin 30/70
Panjang :
Lantus*
2-4
6-8
4 - 12
18 - 24
1-8
14 - 15
Aventis (U-100)
Tanpa Puncak
Peakless Insulin
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24
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
9
10
32
75-90
1-15
61-75
16-30
45-60
31-45
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33
Kriteria Pengendalian
34
Sedang
Buruk
80 - 109
110 - 125
> 126
80 - 144
145 - 179
> 180
A1C (%)
<6,5
6,5 - 8
>8
< 200
200 - 239
> 240
< 100
100 - 129
> 130
> 45
Trigeliserida
< 150
150 - 199
> 200
IMT (kg/m2 )
18,5 - 22,9
23 - 25
> 25
<130/80
130-140/80-90
>140/90
Tekanan Darah
Keterangan :
Angka di atas adalah hasil pemeriksaan plasma vena
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Perlu konservasi nilai kadar glukosa darah
dari kapiler darah utuh ke plasma vena
Indikasi TKOI
(Pengalaman Klinik : Tjokroprawiro 1997-2003)
1
DMT2 + Fraktur
35
36
Method-A : Cardioprotective Combined Therapy GLIMGLAR
(Clinical Experiences : Tjokroprawiro 1997-2003)
Glargine**
(10 - 30 u sc)
Breakfast
30 Min. Pre-Breakfast
30 Minutes
6.30 am
Lunch
Dinner
9.30 am
3.30 pm
9.30 pm
Snack
Snack
Snack
0.30 pm
6.30 pm
Glimepiride*
(3 - 6 mg)
30 Min. Pre-Breakfast
37
Method-B : Cardioprotective Combined Therapy GLARGLIM
(Clinical Experiences : Tjokroprawiro 1997-2003)
Breakfast
Lunch
Snack
Snack
6.30 am
Glargine**
9.30 pm
3.30 pm
9.30 am
30 Minutes
Dinner
30 Min.
0.30 pm
Snack
6.30 pm
Glimepiride*
(10 - 30 u sc)
(3 - 6 mg)
30 Min. before-Dinner
* Or Other Oral Agents
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** Or Other Intermediate / Long Acting Insulins
38
Method-C : Cardioprotective Combined Therapy GLIMGLAR
(Clinical Experiences : Tjokroprawiro 1997-2003)
Breakfast
Lunch
Snack
Snack
6.30 am
Glimepiride*
9.30 pm
3.30 pm
9.30 am
30 Minutes
Dinner
30 Min.
0.30 pm
6.30 pm
Snack
Glargine**
(3 - 6 mg)
(10 - 30 u sc)
30 Min. before-Dinner
39
Komplikasi Akut Diabetes Mellitus
(Rangkuman : Tjokroprawiro 1993-2002)
Hipoglikemia
40
PETUNJUK PRAKTIS TERAPI HIPOGLIKEMIA
DENGAN RUMUS 3-2-1
(Pengalaman Klinik : Askandar Tjokroprawiro 1996-2002)
Kadar Glukosa
(mg/dl)
Glukosa
1 Flakon = 25 ml
40% (10 gram)
< 30 mg/dl
Rumus - 3
30-60 mg/dl
Rumus - 2
60-100*) mg/dl
Rumus - 1
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41
REGULASI
REGULASI CEPAT
CEPAT DENGAN
DENGAN INSULIN
INSULIN
(Pengalaman
(Pengalaman Klinik
Klinik :: Askandar
Askandar Tjokroprawiro,
Tjokroprawiro, 1993,
1993, 1994,
1994, 1996)
1996)
42
Dosis Insulin
2
3
4
5
6
Intravena a 4 U/jam
00 - 300
00 - 400
00 - 500
00 - 600
00 - 700
Insulin Subkutan(unit)
1x
2x
3x
4x
5x
Dosis Rumatan
1 =
3x 4
3x 6
3x 8
3 x 10
3 x 12
Rumus Kali Dua
6 Kali
5
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2 =
12
43
Dosis Insulin
Subkutan (unit)
00 - 300
00 - 400
00 - 500
00 - 600
00 - 700
4
6
8
10
12
Kali
12
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Dosis Rumatan
Insulin Subkutan (unit)
3x 4
3x 6
3x 8
3 x 10
3 x 12
Terapi
TerapiKAD
KAD--Revisi
Revisi1998
1998
44
FASE-I
1 Rehidrasi
: NaCl 0.9% atau RL, 2 L / 2 jam pertama, lalu 80 tt/m
selama 4 jam, lalu 30 tt/m selama 18 jam (4-6 L/24 jam),
diteruskan sampai 24 jam berikutnya ( 20 tt/m) : Rumus 2,4,18-24
2 IDRIV
: 4-8 unit/jam i.v (Rumus Minus Satu)
3 Infus K+
: 25 mEq (bila K+ = 3.0-3.5 mEq/l), 50 mEq (K+ = 2.5 - 3.0),
per 24 jam
75 mEq (bila K+ = 2.0-2.5), dan 100 mEq (bila K+ < 2.0 mEq)
4 Infus BIK
: bila pH < 7.2 - 7.3 atau BIK <12 mEq/l : 50-100 mEq drip
dalam 2 jam (bolus BIK 50-100 mEq diberikan bila pH < 7.0)
5 Antibiotika
: up to date dan dosis adekuat
FASE-II
1 Maintenance : NaCl 0.9% atau Pot. R (IR 4-8u) , Maltosa 10% (IR 6-12u)
bergantian : 20 tt/m (Start Slow, Go Slow, Stop Slow)
2 Kalium
: p.e (bila K+ < 4 mEq/l) atau per os (air tomat/kaldu)
3 IR
: 3 x 8-12 U sc (ingat : Rumus Kali Dua)
4 Makanan lunak Kbh kompleks per oral
Rumus : 2,80,30,20 ; Rumus 2,4,18,24 ; Minus Satu; Kali Dua; Rumus 5-1 ; Rumus 2,5-1 ;
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45
DIABETIC
DIABETIC NON-KETOTIC
NON-KETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR
HYPEROSMOLAR SYNDROME
SYNDROME
(HONK-DIABETIK)
(HONK-DIABETIK)
(Summarized
(Summarized ::Tjokroprawiro
Tjokroprawiro 1991-1998)
1991-1998)
Pathogenesis
Precipitating Factors :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Thiazide
Glucose Drinks
Infection
Corticosteroid
Beta Blocker
Phenytoin
Cimetidine
Chlorpromazine
Diagnosis : 1 YES, 3 NO
Clinical Dx (Suspect):
(Tetralogy HONK :
1 YES, 3 NO)
1
2
3
4
Supporting Findings :
1
2
IH: Glycemia > 800 mg/dl 3
NO: DM History or + 4
5
NO: Kussmaul ,
NO: Ketonuria or + 6
Therapy
1 Tx DKA
Pathophysiology
Osm/l = 2x (Na + K) +
Tetralogy
+ 5 = PENTALOGY HONK (Definite Dx)
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46
KAAL - Tipe A
(Primer : Hipoksia)
1. Semua jenis shock
2. Decomp. Cordis
3. Asfiksia
4. Intoksikasi CO
KAAL - Tipe B
Kelainan Sistemik
1. DM
2. Neoplasia
3. RFT/LFT terganggu
4. Konvulsi
Obat
1. Biguanide
2. Salisilat
3. Alkohol (Metanol, Etanol)
4. Glukosa-Alkohol (Sorbitol, dll)
ASAM LAKTAT + H2 O + O2
Bikarbonat
Terganggu
47
KOMPLIKASI
KOMPLIKASI KRONIK
KRONIK DM
DM
1. Infeksi
2. Mata
3. Mulut
4. Jantung
5. Tractus Urogenetalis :
Nefropati Diabetik, Sindroma
Kiemmelstiel Wilson
6. Saraf
7. Kulit
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48
Klasfikasi
Klasfikasi Impotensi
Impotensi Diabetik
Diabetik
(Sekarang
(Sekarang disebut
disebut :: Disfungsi
Disfungsi Ereksi
Ereksi Diabetik
Diabetik == DE-D)
DE-D)
1.
2.
3.
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Syndrome-37
7Cigarette
9 Inactivity
1Genetic
5 Lipids
Year 2003
No. ? Killer
17Alcohol Abuse
3Glucose Intolerance DM
13Age
21 22 23 24,25 26 27 28
4Uric Acid
6 Obesity
2 Insulin Resistance
11Stress
12 Sex
10 Platelet
Aggregation
8Hypertension
20 LVH
18 Race
49
29 30
31 32 33 3435 36 37
ASCVD
Year 1972
The 11th Killer
21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,
29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37
= Uncorrectable
SYNDROME - 37
(Tjokroprawiro 1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003)
21 PAF
22 Androgen
23 Interleukines
24 Catecholamine
25 Cortisol
26 Growth Hormon
27 Estrogen
28 Leptin
29 TNF
30Homocysteine (HCY)
31 Cu
32 Fe
33Inflammation
34TGF
35Endothelin
36Gamma-GT
37Infection
50
GULOH-CISAR = SYNDROME-10
(Tjokroprawiro 1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2003)
C Quits Smoking
A Stops Alcohol
10 R
Regular Check-Up
Esp. > 40 years Old : 3, 6 or 12 Months
JAS-BUKET : Jerohan, Alkohol, Sarden - Burung Dara, Unggas, Kaldu, Emping, Tape
(Bowels, Alcohol, Sardines - Pigeon, Fowls, Meat-Broth, Beaten Nut, Fermented Cassava)
TEK-KUK-CS2 : Telor, Keju - Kepiting, Udang, Kerang - Cumi, Susu, Santen
(Egg, Cheese - Crab, Shrimp, Scallop - Squid, Milk, Coconut - Juice)
"MABUK" (Rich in Chromium) : Mrica, Apel, Brokoli, Udang, Kacang-kacangan
Recommended Food Supplements :
51
52
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