CARBON AND ITS

COMPOUNDS

CARBON

Carbon belongs to the group

IV of the periodic table.
It has four electrons in its
outermost
orbit,
so
its
valency is four.
Carbon is a non-metal.

Compounds of Carbon are

Widely Distributed in Nature

The number of carbon compounds is

larger than that of all other elements
put together.

Why so many Carbon

Compounds in nature?

Because carbon is
chemically unique.

Only carbon atoms

have the ability to
combine
with
themselves
to
form long chains

Carbon- Long Chains

A long chain, in turn, provides a

convenient backbone of atoms to
which other atoms can attach
themselves in a variety of ways

Allotropes of Carbon

In nature, pure carbon occur in two

formsDiamond
Graphite

What are Allotropes ?

Allotropes are elements which are

chemically identical, but they differ
markedly in their physical properties.

Diamond and Graphite two

allotropes of carbon differ in their
physical properties.

Physical Properties of
Diamond and Graphite
Property

Diamond

Graphite

Appearance

Transparent

Black, Shiny

Hardness

Very Hard

Soft, slippery to
touch

Thermal
Conductivity

Very poor

moderate

Electrical
Conductivity

Poor

Good conductor

Density(kg/m3)

3510

2250

Uses

Jewellery,
drilling

Dry cell,
electric arc,
lubricant, pencil
lead

How Diamond and Graphite are

chemically identical?

These results of thes experiments answer this

question:

On heating diamond or graphite in the air, they

burn completely to form carbon dioxide.

Equal quantities of diamond and graphite when

burned, produce exactly the same amount of
carbon dioxide.

Why the physical properties of

diamond and graphite are so
different?

Due to the difference in the

arrangement of carbon atoms in
diamond and graphite

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds of

carbon and hydrogen.

The natural source

of
hydrocarbons is
petroleum
oil)

(crude

The Simplest Hydrocarbon

Methane CH4
A
molecule
of
methane has four
hydrogen
atoms
linked
to
one
central atom of
carbon.

S
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d

H
y
d
r
o
c
a
r
b
o
n
s

A
l
k
a
n
e
s

Alkanes

The hydrocarbons methane, ethane

propane and butane form a series of
carbon compounds known as alkanes

The alkane series can be represented

by the general formula

Isomerism

Compounds having the same molecular

formulae
but
different
structural
arrangement of atoms in them are known
as isomers, and the phenomenon is known
as isomerism
Isomers
of Butane
Obtained
rearranging
carbon
and
hydrogen atoms

by
the
the

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain a

double or triple bond between two
carbon atoms.
The one with double bond are called
alkenes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which

contain triple bond between two
carbon atoms.