Structure Of Cell

MADE BY MUSKAAN SRIVASTAVA

CLASS IX C
ROLL NO. - 24

What Is A Cell ?
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many
biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.[2]Organisms can be classified as
unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including
plants andanimals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from
species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (1013) cells.[3] Most plant and
animal cells are visible only under the microscope, with dimensions between 1 and
100 micrometres.

Discovery Of Cell

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit
for its resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery.
Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and
Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells,
that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living
organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain
the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for
transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth
at least 3.5 billion years ago.

Plant cell and Animal cell

Animal Cell :

An animal cell is a form of eukaryotic cell that makes up many tissues in animals.
Animal cells are distinct from other eukaryotes, most notably plant cells, as they
lack cell walls and chloroplasts. They also have smaller vacuoles. Due to the lack of
a cell wall, animal cells can adopt a variety of shapes. A phagocytic cell can even
engulf other structures.

In addition to having a nucleus, animal cells also contain other

membrane-bound organelles, or tiny cellular structures, that carry out
specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation.Organelles
have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from
producinghormonesand enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.

Plant Cell :

A large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the

tonoplast that maintains the cell's turgor, controls movement of molecules between the cytosol
and sap, stores useful material and digests wasteproteins and organelles.

A cell wall composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, pectin and in many cases lignin, is
secreted by the protoplast on the outside of the cell membrane. This contrasts with the cell
walls of fungi (which are made of chitin), and of bacteria, which are made of peptidoglycan.
Cell walls perform many essential functions: they provide shape to form the tissue and organs
of the plant, and play an important role in intercellular communication and plant-microbe
interactions.

Specialized cell-to-cell communication pathways known as plasmodesmata,[4] pores in the

primary cell wall through which the plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum[5] of adjacent
cells are continuous.

Prokaryotic Cells
The

typical size is 1-5 m.

There

is no true nucleus.

There

are 50S and 30S ribosomes.

There

are very few cytoplasmic

structures.

They

always have binary fision process.

Eukaryotic Cells
The

typical size is 10 -100 m.

There

is true nucleus.

There

are 60S and 40S ribosomes.

There are lots of cytoplasmic structure.

They

always have fission or budding

process.

History Of Research :

16321723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek teaches himself to make lenses, constructs basic
optical microscopes and draws protozoa, such as Vorticella from rain water, andbacteria from his
own mouth.

1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork, then in living plant tissue using an early compound
microscope. He coins the term cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room"[1]) in his book
Micrographia (1665).

1839: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden elucidate the principle that plants and
animals are made of cells, concluding that cells are a common unit of structure and development,
and thus founding the cell theory.

1855: Rudolf Virchow states that new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division (omnis
cellula ex cellula).

1859: The belief that life forms can occur spontaneously (generatio spontanea) is contradicted by
Louis Pasteur (18221895) (although Francesco Redi had performed an experiment in 1668 that
suggested the same conclusion).

1931: Ernst Ruska builds the first transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the
University of Berlin. By 1935, he has built an EM with twice the resolution of a light
microscope, revealing previously unresolvable organelles.

1953: Watson and Crick made their first announcement on the double helix
structure of DNA on February 28.

1981: Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis in Cell Evolution detailing the

endosymbiotic theory.

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