How molecules are symbolized

Cl2

2Cl

2Cl 2

Molecules may also have brackets to

indicate numbers of atoms. E.g. Ca(OH) 2
Notice that the OH is a group
O Ca O
H
The 2 refers to both H and O H
How many of each atom are in the following?
a) NaOH
Na = 1, O = 1, H = 1
b) Ca(OH)2 Ca = 1, O = 2, H = 2
c) 3Ca(OH)2 Ca = 3, O = 6, H = 6

Balancing equations: MgO

The law of conservation of mass states that
matter can neither be created or destroyed
Thus, atoms are neither created or destroyed,
only rearranged in a chemical reaction
Thus, the number of a particular atom is the same
on both sides of a chemical equation
Example: Magnesium + Oxygen (from lab)
Mg + O2 MgO

Mg + O O

However, this is not balanced

Left:
Mg = 1, O = 2
Right: Mg = 1, O = 1

Mg O

Balance equations by inspection

From

Mg + O2
2Mg + O2
Mg + O2
Mg2 + O2
4Mg + 2 O2

MgO
2MgO
MgO
2MgO
4MgO

is correct
is incorrect
is incorrect
is incorrect

Hints: start with elements that occur in one

compound on each side. Treat polyatomic ions
that repeat as if they were a single entity.

a) P4 + 5 O2 P4O10
b) 2 Li + 2 H2O H2 + 2 LiOH
c) 2 Bi(NO3)3 + 3 K2S Bi2S3 + 6KNO3
3.5
2
3
d) C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6H2O

Balance these skeleton equations:

a) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
b) 3Ca + N2 Ca3N2
c) NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O
d) 2BiCl3 + 3H2S Bi2S3 + 6HCl
e) 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
f) 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
g) 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
h) Cr2(SO4)3+ 6NaOH 2Cr(OH)3+ 3Na2SO4
i)

Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3

Returning to reaction types

We have looked at several types of reactions
without worrying about balancing
However, all equations should be balanced
Predict the products and balance these:
(recall, metals above replace metals below,
reactions with water yield metal hydroxides)

2 Fe
Ni
2 Al
2 Li
2 Li
4 Al

+ 3 CuSO4
+ NaCl
+ 3 CuCl2
+ ZnCO3
+ 2 H2O
+ 3 O2

3 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3
NR (no
reaction)
3 Cu
+ 2AlCl3
Zn + Li2CO3
2 LiOH + H2
2 Al2O3

K
Na
Li
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag

Discovery of Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the release of energy or particles
when an atom disintegrates (demo)
Radioactivity was discovered when minerals were
exposed to film through an opaque cover
The 3 types of radioactivity can be shown by
passing emissions through an electrical field:
Lead block

Radioactive
substance

Phosphorescent
zinc sulfide
detection screen
Strong magnetic or
electrostatic field

Types of Radioactivity
Types of radiation: 1) , 2) , 3)
1. Alpha () particles are symbolized as 42He
2. Beta () particles (essentially electrons) are 01e
3. Gamma () rays are symbolized as 00
You can determine the composition of each: :
mass of 4 u, charge of +2 (2 p+, 2 n0, 0 e)
Other symbols: proton = 11p, neutron = 10n
There are different terms to describe the
different types of nuclear reactions
alpha decay means an particle is given off.
Other: beta decay, fusion (meaning to bring
together), fission (meaning to break apart)

Nuclear equations
Q. Write the beta
decay for C-14
Q. Write the alpha
decay for 209Po

14
6C
209
84

0
-1 e

Po

14
7N

4
205
2 He + 82 Pb

Q. Complete this fission reaction

235
1
1
139
94
+
0 n 3 0 n + 56 Ba + 36 Kr
92 U
In all cases, charge and mass must be balanced
Practice: pg. 222-3, Q6, Q3

6. a) 32 b)

15P

3. a) 226
88
b)

84
35

c)

242
94

99 c) 187 d)
38Sr
75Re

Ra

4
222
2 He + 86 Rn

Br

0
-1 e

Pu

4
238
2 He + 92 U

1
14
1 p + 7N
e) 18 + 1
0n
8O
d)

4e)
2He

84
36

Kr

4
11
+
He
2
6C
0
19
-1 e + 9 F

99
43Tc

Here are some more to balance:

a) 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
b) 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
c)P4 + 6I2 4PI3
d) 3MgO + 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
e) Br2 + 2KI I2 + 2KBr
f) Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
g) Bi2O3 + 3H2 2Bi + 3H2O
h) 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
i) 2CaO + 5C 2CaC2 + CO2

Question 3 pg. 252

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

2Li + 2H2O H2 + 2LiOH

P4 + 5O2 P4O10
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2
2AsCl3 + 3H2S As2S3 + 6HCl
3AgNO3 + FeCl3 3AgCl + Fe(NO3)3
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
For more lessons, visit
www.chalkbored.com