DC ELECTRIC MOTORS

Submitted By:
Satveer Singh
1237238 (8EE2)

Motors Everywhere!
The fan over the stove and in the

microwave oven
The blender
The can opener
The washer
The electric screwdriver
The vacuum cleaner and the Dustbuster
mini-vac
The electric toothbrush
The hair dryer

Important Concepts
How Motors Work
The Components of a DC Electric

Motor
Whats inside the motor box?
The parts of the motor and what
they do!

DC Electric Motors
Electric Motors or Motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical motion
Motors are powered by a source of electricity either AC or

DC.

DC Electric Motors use Direct Current (DC) sources of

electricity:
Batteries
DC Power supply

Principle of How Motors Work:

Electrical current flowing in a loop of wire will produce a
magnetic field across the loop.
When this loop is surrounded by the field of another
magnet, the loop will turn, producing a force (called torque)
that results in mechanical motion.

Motor Basics
Motors are powered by electricity, but rely on

principles of magnetism to produce

mechanical motion.
Inside a motor we find:
Permanent magnets,
Electro-magnets,
Or a combination of the two.

Magnets
A magnet is an object that possesses a magnetic

field, characterized by a North and South pole pair.

A permanent magnet (such as this bar magnet)
stays magnetized for a long time.

An electromagnet is a magnet that is created

when electricity flows through a coil of wire. It

requires a power source (such as a battery) to set
up a magnetic field.

A Simple Electromagnet
A Nail with a Coil of Wire

Q How do we set up a magnet?

A The battery feeds current through the coil

of wire. Current in the coil of wire produces a

magnetic field (as long as the battery is
connected).

A Simple Electromagnet
A Nail with a Coil of Wire

Q - How do we reverse the poles of this

electromagnet?
A By reversing the polarity of the battery!

The Electromagnet in a
Stationary
Field
If we surround the Magnetic
electromagnet with a stationary
magnetic field, the poles of the electromagnet will
attempt to line up with the poles of the stationary
magnet.

OPPOSITE
POLES
ATTRACT!

The rotating motion is transmitted to the shaft, providing

useful mechanical work. This is how DC motors work!

DC Motor Operation
Principles
Once the poles align, the nail (and shaft) stops rotating.
How do we make the rotation continue?

By switching the poles of the electromagnet. When they

line up again, switch the poles the other way, and so on.
This way, the shaft will rotate in one direction
continuously!

Motor Terminology
Thus, the motion of a DC motor is caused by the

interaction of two magnetic fields housed inside the

motor.

These two magnetic fields can be described by where

they are located inside the motor.

The stationary parts of the motor make up the

STATOR.
The Stator Stays Put!
The rotating parts of the motor constitute the ROTOR.
The Rotor Rotates!
The Stator houses the Permanent Field Magnet.
The electronically-controlled magnet, called the

Armature, resides on the Rotor.

Inside a Toy Motor

DC Motor, cont.
End Views of Motor
Axle
Battery Leads

Axle will turn if connect

battery leads to a 9V
battery

Reverse battery leads

and axle will turn the

Opposite direction!

The white nylon cap on

the motor can be

removed to reveal

A View of the Brushes

Inside the Nylon

cap are the Brushes

Brushes can be

made of various
types of metal.

Their purpose is to

transfer power to
the commutator as
it spins.

Inside the Motor, cont.

The final piece is the

stator, a permanent
field magnet.
It is formed by the

motor enclosure and

two curved
permanent magnets
(2 Pole: 1 North, 1
South) shown.

Characteristics of Brushed DC
Motors
Very commonly used in everything from toys

to toothbrushes, electric toys to mobile

robots.
Easy to control using simple control circuitry
Small, Cheap
Generally not used in industrial applications

DC Motor Varieties
Brush-type DC Motor
Used for RPM under 5,000
Simplest to control
Very common choice for hobby use

Brushless DC Motor Better suited for applications that require a large

range & precise speed

Extra electronics for control and position sensors are
required
Wound-field DC Motor
Common in industrial applications
Allows for wide range of precision speed control &
torque control
Permanent Magnet DC Motor
The field magnet is a permanent magnet and does not
need to be activated by a current

THANKS