EVT 521 (SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

INFORMATION TECHNOLOY)
TOPORAPHY DISTRIBUTION BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGY
STUDY
PREPARED BY:
NAME

STUDENTS ID

MOHD SYAMIN AIZAT BIN MOHAMED

YUSOF

2014352205

MUHAMMAD AIMANUDDIN BIN MOHD

NAZIR

2014369551

NATASHA EZRA BT MOHD ZULKEFLI

2014940695

NUR FARZANA BINTI MUHAMAD ISMAIL

2014566347

INTRODUCTION
According to geodatabase in ESRI Software, topology is the arrangement
that constrains how point, line, and polygon features share geometry.
It supports topological relationship queries, navigation, supports editing
tools, and allows feature construction from unstructured geometry.
Learning about the topography pattern in certain area that has
archaeological sites may affect the relationship between one site with
another sites for archaeological analysis.

HOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS USE IN

GIS
Density analysis of selector features or artefact types of across a site and
site types of across a region.
Analysis in clustering, proximity, orientation, intervisiblity and other
spatial relationship.
Visualizing 3D relationship and time series.

QUESTION THAT CAN BE

ANSWERED USING GIS
Location

Trend

Pattern

Routing

Modelling

ADVANTAGE OF USING GIS IN

ARCHAEOLOGY
Allow large amount of data to be analysed
Makes textural data more appealing
Integrate vector data with raster data
Relates tabular data to vector data. Scaleable work at the site level,
local level, regional, and global levels

ADVANTAGE OF USING GIS IN

ARCHAEOLOGY
Large scale issues

Small scale issue

Ancient landscapes

Distribution of sites

Analysis of settlement patterns

Recording individual stones in monument

Analysis of distribution of artefacts at a site

Site management

SCALES OF ANALYSIS FOR AN

ARCHAEOLOGY SITES

GIS DATA

Spatial data
Hydrology
Elevation
Satellite image
Height from sea level

Non spatial data

Site function code
Elevation of site
Height of site

Contour

Name of river

Hypsographic

Area of site

River distance

Site i.d
Artifact types

SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION

ERDAS imagine
E R DA S I m a g i n e i s a re m o t e s e n s i n g
application with raster graphics editor
a b i l i t i e s d e s i g n e d b y E R DA S f o r g e o s p a t i a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e l a t e s t v e r s i o n i s 2 01 5 .
Imagine is aimed mainly at geospatial raster
d a t a p ro c e s s i n g a n d a l l o w s u s e r s t o p re p a re ,
display and enhance digital images for
m a p p i n g u s e i n g e o g r a p h i c i n f o rm a t i o n
s y s t e m ( G I S ) a n d c o m p u t e r- a i d e d d e s i g n
( C A D ) s o ft w a re . I t i s a t o o l b ox a l l o w i n g t h e
u s e r t o p e r f o rm n u m e ro u s o p e r a t i o n s o n a n
i m a g e a n d g e n e r a t e a n a n s w e r t o s p e c i fi c
geographical questions.

SAGA GIS
S y s t e m f o r A u t o m a t e d G e o s c i e n t i fi c A n a l y s e s
( S AG A G I S ) i s a g e o g r a p h i c i n f o rm a t i o n s y s t e m
( G I S ) c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m , u s e d t o e d i t s p a t i a l
d a t a . I t i s f re e a n d o p e n - s o u rc e s o ft w a re ,
developed originally by a small team at the
Department of Physical Geography, University
o f G t t i n g e n , G e rm a n y , a n d i s n o w b e i n g
m a i n t a i n e d a n d e x t e n d e d b y a n i n t e rn a t i o n a l
d e v e l o p e r c o m m u n i t y.
S AG A G I S i s i n t e n d e d t o g i v e s c i e n t i s t s a n
e ff e c t i v e b u t e a s i l y l e a rn a b l e p l a t f o rm f o r
i m p l e m e n t i n g g e o s c i e n t i fi c m e t h o d s . T h i s i s
a c h i e v e d b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o n p ro g r a m m i n g
i n t e r f a c e ( A P I ) . S AG A h a s a f a s t - g ro w i n g s e t o f
g e o s c i e n t i fi c m e t h o d s , b u n d l e d i n e xc h a n g e a b l e
module libraries.

SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION

Arc GIS
ArcGIS is a geographic informa tion system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic
information. It is used for: creating and using m aps; compiling geogr aphic data; analyzing
mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic informa tion; using maps and
geogr aphic information in a range of applica tions; and ma naging geographic inform ation in
a da ta ba se.
The system provides a n infra structure for ma king maps a nd geogra phic information
available throughout a n orga niza tion, a cross a community, and openly on the Web.

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE INVOLVE

IN ARCGIS SOFTWARE

Spatial Analysis Tools

Spatial Statistical
Tools

SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOLS

Find Suitable Location
To determine an ideal location for
operations or trying to avoid
unsuitable locations, support your
site location decisions with
analysis. Spatial Analyst solves
the challenge of considering
multiple factors that affect
suitability and finding locations
that meet your criteria, even if
your criteria keep changing.

MANAGE RISK
Managing risk requires knowing
what the risks are. Risk factors
like ground slope, aspect, stability,
forest fuel load, coastline
inundation, and many more can be
modeled with Spatial Analyst to
understand the risk over your
study area so you can come up with
the appropriate mitigation plan.

VISUALIZE
PATTERN
The best predictor is often
the recent pastplus
location. For example,
crime incidents where both
physical and societal
dynamics are analyzed to
reveal patterns in space
and time inform law
enforcement and city
planners most effectively.

SPATIAL STATISTICS
TOOLS
The Spatial Statistics toolbox contains statistical tools for analyzing
spatial distributions, patterns, processes, and relationships. While
there may be similarities between spatial and non spatial (traditional)
statistics in terms of concepts and objectives, spatial statistics are
unique in that they were developed specifically for use with
geographic data. Unlike traditional nonspatial statistical methods,
they incorporate space (proximity, area, connectivity, and/or other
spatial relationships) directly into their mathematics.
The tools in the Spatial Statistics toolbox allow you to summarize the
salient characteristics of a spatial distribution (determine the mean
center or overarching directional trend, for example), identify
statistically significant spatial clusters (hot spots/cold spots) or spatial
outliers, assess overall patterns of clustering or dispersion, group
features based on attribute similarities, identify an appropriate scale
of analysis, and explore spatial relationships. In addition, for those
tools written with Python, the source code is available to encourage
you to learn from, modify, extend, and/or share these and other
analysis tools with others.

TOOLS SET IN SPATIAL

STATISTIC TOOLS

ANALYZING
PATTERN
These tools
evaluate it
features or the
value
associated with
feature, form a
clustered,
dispersed or
random spatial
pattern

Mapping Clusters
Tools used to
identify
statistically
significant hot
spots or spatial
outliers. To
identify or
group feature
with similar
characteristics.

Measuring
Geographic
Distribution
Tools address
questions such
as where the
center? What is
the shape and
orientation?
How disperse
are the feacture

ERDAS IMAGINE
ERDAS IMAGINE(EarthResourceDevelopmentAssessmentSystem): This is
an image processing software mainly utilize for study and analysis of satellite
imagery. You can use them for extraction of Digital Number values of the
pixels, Import export raster and vector satellite image, combine various bands
of satellite imageries, to perform detailed analysis of various objects and
information using the pattern recognition technique, Landuse landcover analysis.

BENEFIT OF SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION

ERDAS imagine
B y m a n i p u l a t i n g i m a g e r y d a t a
values and positions, it is possible
t o s e e f e a t u re s t h a t w o u l d n o t
n o rm a l l y b e v i s i b l e a n d t o l o c a t e
g e o - p o s i t i o n s o f f e a t u re s t h a t w o u l d
otherwise be graphical.
T h e l e v e l o f b r i g h t n e s s , o r
re fl e c t a n c e o f l i g h t f ro m t h e
surfaces in the image can be helpful
with vegetation analysis,
p ro s p e c t i n g f o r m i n e r a l s e t c .
O t h e r u s a g e ex a m p l e s i n c l u d e l i n e a r
f e a t u re ex t r a c t i o n , g e n e r a t i o n o f
p ro c e s s i n g w o r k fl o w s ( s p a t i a l
m o d e l s i n I m a g i n e ) , i m p o r t / ex p o r t o f
d a t a f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f f o rm a t s ,
o r t h o re c t i fi c a t i o n , m o s a i c k i n g o f
i m a g e r y , s t e re o a n d a u t o m a t i c
f e a t u re ex t r a c t i o n o f m a p d a t a f ro m
i m a g e r y.

SAGA GIS
G r i d d i n g : i n t e r p o l a t i o n f ro m v e c t o r
d a t a u s i n g t r i a n g u l a t i o n , n e a re s t
neighbour, inverse distance.
P ro j e c t i o n s : v a r i o u s c o o rd i n a t e
transformations for vector and grid
d a t a ( u s i n g Pro j 4 a n d G e o Tr a n s
l i b r a r i e s ) , g e o re f e re n c i n g o f g r i d s .
S i m u l a t i o n o f d y n a m i c p ro c e s s e s :
T O P M O D E L , n i t ro g e n d i s t r i b u t i o n s ,
e ro s i o n , l a n d s c a p e d e v e l o p m e n t .
Te r r a i n a n a l y s i s : g e o m o r p h o m e t r i c
calculations such as slope, aspect,
c u r v a t u re s , c u r v a t u re c l a s s i fi c a t i o n ,
analytical hillshading, sink
e l i m i n i t i o n , fl o w p a t h a n a l y s i s ,
catchment delineation, solar
r a d i a t i o n , c h a n n e l l i n e s , re l a t i v e
altitudes.
Ve c t o r t o o l s : p o l y g o n i n t e r s e c t i o n ,
c o n t o u r l i n e s f ro m g r i d .
d.

ERDAS imagine and SAGA GIS

BENEFIT OF SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION

Arc GIS
ArcGIS is built around a geodatabase, which uses an object-relational database
approach for storing spatial data. A geodatabase is a "container" for holding
datasets, tying together the spatial features with attributes. The geodatabase
can also contain topology information, and can model behavior of features, such
as road intersections, with rules on how features relate to one another. When
working with geodatabases, it is important to understand feature classes which
are a set of features, represented with points, lines, or polygons. With shapefi les,
each fi le can only handle one type of feature. A geodatabase can store multiple
feature classes or type of features within one fi le.

CASE STUDY OF LEMBAH

BUJANG
GIS approach in determining the placement pattern in Lembah Bujang
There are two major ports in the Kampung Sungai Mas and Penkalan Bujang. Based on this
theory, can we use gis to prove that the Kampung Sunai Mas and Penkalan Bujangn are the two
main ports? H
Human settlements are usually influenced by the environment. Environmental factors such as
slope, the distance to the river and geological characteristics are among the environmental
factors in the selection of a preferred site locations.
In a study of settlement patterns archaeological sites in the Lembah Bujang, ArcGIS software is
used. Through ArcGIS, placement pattern analysis can be carried out via Spatial Analyst tools
and spatial statistics tools. ArcGis spatial analyst tools are a tool of analysis and identification of
patterns of placement archaeological sites in conjunction with the other sites. To establish the
placement pattern analysis, spatial data available for use of data from the digital Elevation
Modelling (DEM). DEM is the most important data used for the analysis of the landscape of the
area.

 From these data, some other data are available, standardized and
designed to get the data in more detail on the terrain of an area such as
gradient data, hydrologic model, protected areas, surface aspect and so
on. ArcGIS spatial statistics tools will identify settlement patterns
archaeological sites in the valley have either single network connection
between a site with other sites

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Basin analysis
Analysis of the density distribution sites
IDW interpolation analysis and distribution sites
Clustering analysis

CASE STUDY OF ROMAN

MILITARY CAMP MUNICIPIUM
Troesmisis the name of a Roman and Byzantine city on the lower Danube, nowadays
situated in Romania close to the modern city of Tulcea. In 2011, the Austrian
Academy of Sciences started an archaeological field project in close cooperation with
the Archaeological Institute of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Another project
partner is represented by the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Innsbruck
(Austria). The involved project partners perform different tasks on this huge
archaeological site which is one of the largest archaeological settlements in Romania,
including a Roman legionary fortress (2nd century AD), a Roman town (2nd/3rd
century AD) and two other fortifications dating from the 4th to the 13th century AD.
In the last years different kinds of information were collected by the project partners:
air photo and satellite photo interpretation, airborne laser scanning, geophysical
prospection, archaeological field surveys and the documentation of archaeological
traces, still visible on the site, using CAD-software and photogrammetry.

GIS CLOUD
Imagine that all the GIS tools, imagery, basemaps, and databases you need to do your work are organized for you
somewhere out there on the web. You can access those resources at any time, from your desk at work, from
home, while youre traveling; your data storage capacity increases automatically as you need it; and you can
share your work instantly with colleagues or customers across the globe.
This is idea behind Cloud GIS seamless access to GIS capabilities from anywhere.
What Is Cloud GIS?
Cloud GIS is the combination of running GIS software and services on cloud infrastructure and
accessing GIS capabilities using the web.
Cloud computing offers an alternative to traditional methods of delivering and consuming GIS software and
services to your customers.
GIS CloudIs A Next Generation Platform
For Apps That Manage Location Information.

Instead of running GIS on your own compute systems

and operations, with Cloud GIS, your software and
services reside on infrastructure commonly (but not
always) maintained off premises by a third party
vendor and made available through web
technologies.

 challenges of the project had and that how to overcame with GIS Cloud
apps?
In the Troesmis project, usually different teams were working on the site
with the need of an easy usable, GIS based technology to do the
documentation work. Especially the mapping of archaeological findings in
an area of approximately 35 km by a survey technique called line
walking (4 to 6 archaeologists arranged in a line were walking over the
accessible fields) is an ambitious task. With the help of GPS and GIS
technology in combination with a cloud based solution this could be
organized much more efficiently.

Even in a rural landscape like in

this part of Romania, where you
are in between the meandering
watercourse of the Danube and
the slopes of the Mcin
Mountains, data acquisition via
the internet worked surprisingly
well. The GSM network
coverage is mostly sufficient
and even if you are moving in a
remote area, we had no
problems because of the buffer
storage of the devices.
GIS Cloud apps are easy to use. Most people are familiar with smart phones
and within a short time, they can handle the device. The data collection app
provides an elaborated functionality, so that each team had a mapping device
in their hands. Consequently, if you can accept a mapping accuracy of 5-10 m,
there was no need of expensive GIS field computers. It is possible to provide
both base maps and vector data to the different teams which are essential for
evaluating archaeological features on the ground. In an open scenery like in
Troesmis where you are facing a steppe-like landscape, it is important to
determine your own position in relation to known archaeological features, for
instance crop marks which are mostly not visible from the ground. This
additional information is made available via the GIS Cloud, which is extremely
helpful if you intend to map new features or artefacts.

WHAT WOULD BE 3 KEY FEATURES IN RESEARCHER OPINION

THAT YOU WOULD RECOMMEND GIS CLOUD FOR COMING FROM
ARCHAEOLOGY PERSPECTIVE?

The possibility to provide different teams with the same easy to

use mapping tools
Easy to use mapping tools on smart phones have a positive
effect on enrollment costs
General advantages on web based GIS technology (availability of
the same data sets

ARCGIS
Spatial analyst and statistics tools-pola distribution and
density, central feature and mean center,clustering
Pathdistance function-estimate cost and space
Store the data as database

Weaknessess
3D Visualization

ERDAS IMAGINE
Raster based
High 3D visualization
Store the data as database

SAGAGIS

Involve complex programming and modules

More detail analysis
Complex interface

In the case study, the archeologist using ArcGis

software.The findings of the study can be improved using
SagaGis and Erdas Imagine. Arcgis is easy to use and the
SagaGis and Erdas Imagine required high expertise level.

CONCLUSION
GIS allow the researchers developed a model of the distribution of
archaeological sites for the landscape and make as valuable analysis tool
in understanding the archaeological settlement pattern in a region.
GIS are capable in handling various types of data into a single database
that able to make map and model location of the sites and to improve
understanding of the distribution of settlement archaeology
Analysis of settlement patterns by using GIS software need to be
developed more further.