Design Steps for Intake & Exhaust Systems

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Acoustic Theory to maximize Volumetric

Efficeincy .

Geometrical Details of Intake System

Primary & Secondary Induction Systems

The prime system responsible for flow of air is called as
primary system.
The remaining part of the system, which is not actively
feed the cylinder is called as secondary system.

Effective Inductance
The EFFECTIVE INDUCTANCE for a pipe with different
cross-sections may be defined as the sum of inductances of
each section.

L L
( I e )= +
A i A

L
+ .... +
A
i+1

Relative Dynamic Responses of Primary &

Secondary Systems
The INDUCTANCE RATIO (a) is defined as the ratio of the
secondary inductance to the primary inductance.
L

INDUCTANCE RATIO (a)
A 2

a=
L

A 1
The CAPACITANCE RATIO (b) is defined as the ratio of
the Secondary Volume to the Primary Volume.

CR - 1
V2 V2
b=
=
2

CR + 1
V eff V D
V2 = Secondary Volume
= Volume of Intake Runners that are ineffective (n-1)

Inductance ratio for Intake System

Calculate the Separate Inductances:

I port =

L port
A port

L plenum
I plenum =
A plenum

I runner =

Lrunner
Arunner

I T .body =

LT .body
AT .body

Determine the Inductance Ratio (a)

L

A 2 I T .body + I plenum
a=

L
I port + I runner

A 1

 Determine the Capacitance Ratio (b)

b=

V eff
(n - 1) V runner

Determine the Induction system Resonances

1
f 1=
2

A- B
2 a b (IND )1 V eff

A = (a b + a + 1)

1
f 2=
2

B = (a b + a + 1 )2 - 4 a b

(IND)1 = Inductance of the primary length

(IND)1 = Iport + Irunner

A+ B
2 a b (IND )1 V eff

Helmholtz Tuning of Complete System

Determine the Primary Resonance:
f p=

1
2

1
V eff
I port + I runner

Determine the Frequency Ratios:

f1
X 1=
fp

f2
X 2=
fp

Determine the Tuning Peak:

A1

L1 V d

N p f h = K 1 C

CR - 1

CR
+
1

 Intake Tuning Peaks become:

N2= X 2 N p

N1= X 1 N p
f 1=

1
2

A- B
2 a b (IND )1 V eff

f 2=

1
2

X 1=

f1
fp

A+ B
2 a b (IND )1 V eff

f2
fp

A1 CR - 1

L1 V d CR + 1

N p = K 1 C

X 2=

f p=

1
2

1
V eff
I port + I runner

 A combined equation is possible indicating its 2nd

order

+
P 2 V 2 CR - 1 P

+
+
1

eff
eff

CR
+
1

V
d

N 1,2 = 77( C S )

eff

2 V 2 CR - 1 P
P 2 V 2 CR - 1

+ 1 - 4

eff
CR
+
1

V
D

V d CR + 1 eff

4 PV 2

L
P=
A

1
2

EFF =
2

eff

2
Vd= *b * s
4

V 2 = ( Lman + L port )* Am * (NC - 1)

David Visards Rule of thumb Equations

Using Visard's Equation for Runner Length
1. Starting point of 7 inches for 10,000 RPM
2. Add length of 1.7 inches for each 1000
RPM less
Using Visard's Equation for Runner Diameter

More Ideas for Enhancing the Flow

Selection of Valve Timing for Better Flow

Stages of Valve Lifting

when the inlet valve opens, a rarefaction wave is sent upstream from
the valve.
When this wave encounters a change in area such as the intake
manifold, a compression wave is generated and sent downstream
back to the inlet valve.
This compression wave increases the local density of the inlet flow, a
process called the "ram effect".

Valve Lift Curves

Pseudo Flow Velocity

Pseudo Flow Velocity is a parameter to study the effect of valve

geometry and the rate change of cylinder volume on air flow into
cylinder.
PFV is the ratio of rate of change of cylinder volume to
instantaneous minimum valve flow area.

1 dV B 2 ds
PFV

Am d 4 Am d
1 dV B 2 a sin
PFV

Am d
4 Am

1
2
2
R sin

cos

Flow Kinematics through Valves

Exhaust Gas Flow Through VALVES

Measurements during Exhaust Stroke

Stream Tube formed by Flow Through Valves

Equivalent Converging-Diverging Nozzle Configurations:

Mild Separation.
Severe Separation

Strategies to Maximize Intake Air Quantity

Most decent heads will have an equivalent flow through the
valve area as a unrestricted port of about 80% of the valve
area, this is if the camshaft it matched to the heads.
Some well ported race heads may have an actual flow of an
area up to 85%, but for the most part it is around 78-80%.
To further help fill the cylinder, it helps to have a high velocity
at the back of the valve.
To do this the intake port can be tapered.
To be effective, there should be between 1.7 and 2.5% increase
in intake runner area per inch of runner, which represents a 11.5 degree taper.

Effect of Sonic Conditions and Irreversibilities

Mass of Fresh air :Intake Process

Isentropic Quasi steady Flow

Flow Losses

Choking