National
Engineering
Manual, Part
511 and 536
NRCS Practice
Standards
ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials)
References
PCA (Portland Cement Association)
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute)
Text Books
NOTES:
ACI 350 -01
Includes USD and
WSD
NRCS is in the
process to replace
TR 67 and NEH 6 Concrete Section
with the new
NEH, Part 636
ACI 318
Concrete in the
tension zone of the
section is neglected
in the flexural
analysis and design
calculations, and the
tension
reinforcement is
assumed to resist
the total tensile force
CONCRETE
which has a good performance in
Compression but poor in Tension
and
STEEL
which has a good performance
both in Tension and Compression
b
Compression, eC
N.A
d
cover
Tension, eS
As
The compression
stress-strain diagram
provides a most
important factor for use
in deriving equations
for designing
reinforced concrete.
During the loading
process loads in Kg
and the corresponding
strains in mm/mm are
recorded. The loads
are transformed into
direct stresses P/A and
the stress-strain
diagram is then
plotted.
Proportion of peak
stress
stress
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.001
Approximately linear
from zero to 0.5 f c
0.002
Resistance as
load exceeds
ultimate
0.003
0.004
Strain
Strain
in/in
in/in
ALLOWABLE
STRESSES:
CONCRETE:
Compressive
strength = 4000 psi
Flexure: fc = 0.4fc
Shear: vc =1.1 fc
STEEL:
fs = 20000 psi
n = Es/Ec,
n =503.3 / fc
k = 2pn + (pn)2 - pn
See NEH6, ES-160, 1 of 3
Checking design:
fc = 2M /jkbd2
fs =M / Asjd
jd = d kd/3
j = 1-k/3
p = As/bd
Ms = As fs j d
Mc =1/2 fcjkbd 2
As = M / fs j d
d = M / 0.5 fc j k b
Balanced section in
working stress design
occurs when concrete
and steel develop their
full allowable stresses
simultaneously.
NEH6, ES-160
pbal
TR 67:
Factored Loads:
1.8 D + 1.8 C
Strength reduction
factors:
Flexion F = 0.90
Shear F = 0.85
Max steel ratio:
Service
Service hydraulic
structures
Mn = fy As(d-a/2) ,
pmax = pshy
Other structures
or
a = fy As / 0.85fc b
87000
87000 + fy
m = fy / 0.85 fc
n = 503.3/fc
Balanced section in
ultimate strength design
occurs when the tension
reinforcement reaches its
specified yield strength fy
just as the compressive
strain in the concrete
reaches a value of 0.003.
pmin
pshy
pmax
TR67 ES-220
FMn = Mu
Development lengths
Lap Spices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11. (ACI
12.14.2)
Lap Spices should be placed in away from regions of high tensile
stresses -locate near points of inflection (ACI 12.15.1)
BREAK
Slabs on Grade
American Concrete
Institute References
Slabs on Grade
NRCS Practice Standard 313
Waste Storage Facility:
Thickness & joint spa.
reinforcement
4 (joint spacing
<10)
no
yes
Slabs on Grade
Type A, plain concrete slab (no bars, no wire, no fiber)
slab thickness designed for imposed loads ( remains
uncracked)
joint spacing of 2 to 3 times the slab thickness in feet
10 ft maximum (NRCS PS 313)
must have a uniform subgrade
Saw cut 1/4 thickness (1/3 thickness w/ fiber, 1 in max
for fibermesh
Slabs on Grade
Type B, slab with shrinkage control reinforcement
slab floor remains uncracked
steel selected by T & S control procedures
joint spacing slightly larger than plain slab
place steel at or above mid-depth of slab
Slabs on Grade
Type C, slab with shrinkage-compensating concrete (ACI
223)
expansive admixture of type K cement
joint spacing large
requires steel reinforcement
Slabs on Grade
Type D, slab post-tensioned for crack control
post-tensioned tendons for crack control
no control joints needed between construction joints
Slabs on Grade
Type E, lightly reinforced structural slab
with rebar or post-tensioned tendons
structurally reinforced (reserve capacity)
used for shrink/swell soils
joint spacing not as critical
Slabs on Grade
Type F, structurally reinforced slab (one or two steel layers)
design allows certain amount of cracking at some
determined level of loading
joint spacing not critical
Slabs on Grade
Fiber-enhanced concrete slab
fibers: steel or synthetic may be used in plain,
reinforced or pre-stressed concrete
joint spacing same as plain concrete slab
synthetic fiber:
- 1.5 pounds of fibers per cubic yard of concrete
- reduce plastic shrinkage cracking
- improved concrete performance
- reduction in permeability
- greater impact and abrasion resistance
Polypropylene Fibers
Slab Type B:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Slabs on Grade
Steel Area Calculation Procedures
(Shrinkage & Temperature Control)
1) Subgrade Drag Theory
2) Confirmed Capacity Procedure
3) Temperature Procedure
4) Equivalent Strength Procedure
5) Crack Restraint Procedure
Designer must choose the appropriate procedure
Slabs on Grade
1) Subgrade Drag Theory
Slab Type B:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
A s
F ( L) w
2 f s
L=
length of slab between
free ends (joints) in the
direction of
steel (ft.)
consider max. L value (25 feet is
recommended)
use equivalent length when ends
are restrained
Equivalent Length
Slabs on Grade
A s
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel Area
Calculation Procedures
A s
Temperature
fr2)
( 12
) tslab
2 fs t Es
Procedure
fr 0.4 ( 7.5) f'c
Slabs on Grade
3) Equivalent Strength Procedure
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
A s
Slabs on Grade
4) Crack Restraint Procedure
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
9360
A s
lb
in
fy
t slab
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Source:
Wire Reinforcement
Institute TF 705 :
Innovative Ways to
Reinforce Slabs on
Ground
Slabs on Grade
1) Subgrade Drag Theory:
control joint spacings of less than 25 ft
thin slabs, less than 6 in
residential and light commercial construction
2) Temperature Procedure
climate controlled industrial slabs on ground
minimize shrinkage crack frequency and width
use of thermal gradient less than 40o not
recommended
3) Equivalent Strength Procedure
highway paving
industrial buildings slabs
truck ramps
roadways
4) Crack Restraint Procedure
food processing operations, hospitals
microcracking restrain
Slabs on Grade
Example:
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design
Center
(William Wallace)
Slabs on Grade
L =20 feet
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
F = 1.5
t = 6 in
W = 12.5 x 5 = 75 lb
ft2
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Procedure
Steel Ratio
(%)
Subgrade drag
0.028 in
0.04
Confirmed
Capacity
0.092 in
0.13
Temperature
0.220 in
0.31
Equivalent
Strength
0.342 in
0.47
Crack Restraint
0.936 in
1.30
Slabs on Grade
Modified Subgrade Drag Formula (University of Texas)
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
As = 600 LT / D fs
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Future edition of
ACI 360
Procedure
Steel Ratio
(%)
Subgrade drag
0.028 in
0.04
0.072 in2
0.10
Modified
Subgrade
0.100 in2
0.13
Confirmed
Capacity
0.092 in
0.13
Temperature
0.220 in
0.31
Equivalent
Strength
0.342 in
0.47
Crack Restraint
0.936 in
1.30
Slabs on Grade
Shrinkage &
Temperature Steel
Area Calculation
Procedures
Rule of thumb
for joint spacing
Table Developed
by ACI 360
Instructor
As
Joint
Spacing
(feet)
Saw Joint
Load
Transfer
Crack
Expectations
NonReinforced
0 % - .09%
6t
Dowels
Minimal
Light
.10 % - .13%
6t
Reinforcing/
Steel fibers
Minimal
Moderate
.14 % - .30 %
8t
Dowels
Few tight
Heavy
.30 % - .50 %
9t
Dowels
Few tight
Joint free
.50 % +
Bulkheads
None
Many
hairline
Reinforcing
Design
Slabs on Grade
Methods of Slab Thickness Determination
Slabs on Grade
The subbsase is
usually a good
economical fill
material, with the base
being a thinner layer of
more expensive
material having a
superior K.
Natural Soil
Quick Notes:
Proofrolling: is one of the simplest methods of determining the ability of the
full soil support to take loads. If any rutting or pumping is evident during the
procedure, corrective actions should be taken to improve the soil.
Base Material : Maximum particle size : No more than 1/3 the base thickness
Base Materials
Slabs on Grade
Slabs on Grade
K - Value
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center:
Thickness is usually a
function of loading,
subgrade modulus,
modulus of rupture of
the concrete, and slab
stiffness
k -values
K - Value
k = 150 pci
concrete
tb
tb
Slabs on Grade
Example:
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center:
1 Axleload
A contact
2 Tirepressure
A contact ( 4)
16,000 lbs.
per 200 in2
Tire length = 10 in.
subbase
subgrade
Deflected shape
tb
Slabs on Grade
Materials
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center
Modulus of Rupture is a
type of tension test in
which a plain concrete
beam, generally
6x6x30 long is loaded
in flexure until it fails
due to cracking in the
tension face.
Ec 57000 f'c
Ec 3.605 10
psi
MOR
9 f'c
SF
Slabs on Grade
Determine D/k value (WRI Charts)
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center:
E = 3.605x106 psi
k = 100
pci
D/k = 22 x 105 in4
M = 18 in-lb/in
1) Unit moment, M
D/k = 22
M = 190 in-lb/in
Slabs on Grade
Slab Thickness (WRI Charts)
Source:
NRCS Pole Building
Design Workshop
National Design Center:
Slabs on Grade
f'c 4000
lb
in
lb
in
(Type F slab)
b 12in
M app 3328.0ft lb
SMrequired = Mapplied
MOR
t slab 6.0in
SM = 12t2
6
M = SM x fb
fb
( 6)M app
b t slab
MOR 9 f'c
fb 555
lb
in
Slabs on Grade
Mu = Mapp (SF)
(Design Moment)
Ultimate Strength
rmax > rcal > rrmin
As = bd / m -
(bd/m)2
- 2bMu / Fmfy
(12 x 3/17.65 )2
Provide # 5 @ 6 in O.C. Asprovided = 0.61 in2 per foot (both directions in a 6 in thick slab)
Slabs on Grade
Working Stress
fc = 0.4fc
fs = 20000 psi
n = Es/Ec =
503.3 / fc = 8
p = As/bd
k = 2pn + (pn)2 - pn
pbal = (fc / 2fs) x k
Moment Capacity:
M = As fs j d
j = 1-k/3
or
jd = d kd/3
(Design Moment)
BREAK