MIKROBIA

Organisme-organisme yang
termasuk mikrobia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6.

BACTERI
FUNGI
ALGA
PROTOZOA
Virus
Prion
Helminths (multicellular)

Klasifikasi makhluk hidup

Makhluk hidup dikelompokkelompokkan berdasarkan kesamaan
sifat yang dimiliki di antara
sesamanya.
Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari identifikasi
dan klasifikasi organisme adalah
Sistematika.

Traditional Whittaker Classification

Five Kingdoms
Prokaryotae (Monera)
Protista
Fungae
Plantae
Animalia
Based on:
Morphology
Metabolism (Biochemical Activity)
Molecular Techniques
Fatty Acid Profiles
Protein Differentiation
DNA Finger Printing

Woese-Fox Classification
Three Super
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Eukarya
System is based on
rRNA.

Domain
Klasifikasi makhluk hidup menurut sistem 3
domain adalah terdiri atas:
1. Archaea ancient bacteria, uniselular,
struktur sel sederhana (prokaryote no
nucleus) tetapi mempunyai metabolisme
khusus yang membuatnya dapat hidup di
lingkungan ekstrem.
2. Bacteria uniselular, prokaryote, dapat
ditemukan di banyak tempat/kondisi (Nama
lama: Monera)
3. Eukarya uniselular /multiselular, kompleks
dan terorganisasi (mempunyai nukleus dan
organel-organel a.l mitokondria)

Domain Bacteria
Bacteria singlecelled organisms
(Prokaryote)
Bacteria are found
almost everywhere
on the planet
Earth.

teria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan
cell walls
Binary fission
For energy, use
organic
chemicals,
inorganic
chemicals, or
photosynthesis

Figure 1.1a

Classification of Bacteria
Somewhat different: a clinical rapid
ID is often important when trying to
find causative agent of a disease
Bergeys manual: Manual is in lab for
a reference when doing unknown
Developed on 1940s for grouping
bacteria according to standard
diagnostic lab techniques available
at the time (such as Grams stain)

Classification of Bacteria
Gram + cocci

Gram - bacilli

Classification of Bacteria
Gram - Spirochete

Gram + bacilli

Classification of Bacteria
The manual divides bacteria into 4
groups or divisions on the basis of
their Cell Wall
1. Gram + (stain violet)
2. Gram - (destain, and are
counterstained pink or reddish color)
3. Bacteria that lack a cell wall
(mycoplasma)
4. organisms that have a cell wall
lacking peptidoglycan
(archaeobacteria Now called Archaea

Classification of Bacteria

More modern methods now used:

1. DNA studies, genomics, gene probes
2. using Bacterial viruses
bacteriophages
3. Serology antibody antigen reactions
(like blood typing)

Examples: Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhimurium
Azotobacter vinelandii 12837
E. coli 0157H7 nasty strain of E. coli

Domain Archaea
Archaea are singlecelled organisms
that lack a
membrane-bound
nucleus. Prokaryote
Archaea can be
found in
environments that
are too hostile for
other life forms.

Archaea:
Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan, cell
walls composed of
polymers other than
peptidoglycan
Live in extreme
environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

Domain Eukarya
The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound
nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further
categorized into one of four Kingdoms. (know these
kingdoms)

Fungi
Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for
energy
Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular consisting of
masses of mycelia, which are
composed of filaments called
hyphae; reproduce by sexual
and asexual spores
Yeasts are unicellular;
reproduce asexually by
budding; some produce
sexual spores

rotozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient
needs and cellular structure
Live freely in water; some live in
animal hosts
Asexual (most) and sexual
reproduction
Most are capable of locomotion by
Pseudopodia cell extensions
that flow in direction of travel
Cilia numerous, short,
hairlike protrusions that propel
organisms through
environment
Flagella extensions of a cell
that are fewer, longer, and
more whiplike than cilia

Figure 1.1c

Algae
Unicellular or
multicellular
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive
structures
Categorized on the
basis of
pigmentation, storage
products, and
composition of cell
wall
Figure 1.1d

Viruses
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein
coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid
envelope
Viruses are replicated only when
they are in a living host cell

Figure 1.1e

Multicellular Animal Parasites

Eukaryote
Multicellular
animals
Parasitic
flatworms and
round worms are
called helminths.
Microscopic
stages in life
cycles.

Figure fluke

Mikrobia prokariot dibedakan dari mikrobia

eukariot berdasar struktur sel dan pengaturan
genetiknya
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
1. Membrane bound nucleus
1. Nonmembrane bound
containing DNA
nucleiod region
2. DNA-one circular molecule 2. DNA-linear molecules arranged
to form several chromosomes
one chromosome
3. Haploid-One copy of a gene3. Diploid-Two copies of a gene
4. Plasma membrane does not 4. Plasma membrane contains
sterols
contain sterols
5. Reproductionmeiosis and
5. Reproductionsimple binary
mitosis
fission
6. Presence of membrane bound
organelles such as chloroplasts
and mitochondria