ELECTROSTATICS
Charge is discrete
Charge is discrete:
q = ne
n = 1, 2, 3,...
protons, positrons,
electrons, muons,
Coulombs Law
q1 q2
F 2 ,
r
K
q1 q2
or F K 2
r
1
8.99 109 N m 2 / C 2
4 o
1
o
7
2
2
2
4
10
N
s
/
C
r
r r
r F
F mg or g
m
r
GM
g 2 r
r
r
GMm
F 2 r
r
r
qq
F K 20 r
r
q0
Definition:
r
r
r
r F
F q0E or E
q0
r
E
1 q
r
4 o r 2
source charge
q = Q
Electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges (can also
start/end at infinity).
The symmetry of the problem dictates the directions in which field lines radiate from
charges.
The number of field lines radiating from a charge is proportional to the charge.
MAGNETOSTATICS
Term comes from the ancient Greek city of Magnesia, at
which many natural magnets were found. We now refer to
these natural magnets as lodestones (also spelled
loadstone; lode means to lead or to attract) which contain
magnetite, a natural magnetic material Fe3O4.
Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD Roman) wrote of a hill near
the river Indus that was made entirely of a stone that
attracted iron.
Not until 1819 was a connection between electrical and
magnetic phenomena shown. Danish scientist Hans Christian
Oersted observed that a compass needle in the vicinity of a
wire carrying electrical current was deflected!
H.C.OERSTED
1777 - 1851
Apparatus of Oersted
N S
No Monopoles Allowed
Electrodynamic Levitation
WAVES
Antennas!
are connected by
electromagnetic radio waves!
Accelerating
charges
Accelerating charges
make
electromagnetic
waves
make
electromagnetic
waves
Electromagnetic waves
cause charges to
accelerate
electronic
modulator
An electrical carrier signal is
produced (90.9 MHz for WILL
FM) indepedently
AM
FM
AM = Amplitude modulation
FM = Frequency modulation
Amplitude modulation:
information is encoded
in changes in the size of
the electrical signal
Frequency modulation:
information encoded in slight
changes in the frequency
carrier
demodulator
signal
sound