Digital Communications

Chapter 2
Formatting and Baseband Modulation

Block Diagram of a DCS

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Basic Digital Communication Transformations

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Formatting and Transmission

of Baseband Signal

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Seven-bit ASCII

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EBCDIC Character Code Set

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2.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols

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Format Analog Signals

To transform an analog waveform into a form that is compatible

with a digital communication, the following steps are taken:

Sampling

Quantization and encoding

Baseband transmission

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Sampling
Time domain

Frequency domain

xs (t ) x (t ) x (t )

X s ( f ) X ( f )* X ( f )

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Sampling Aliasing (contd)

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Quantization and Encoding

Quantization: Sampled values are quantized to values of a

finite set.

Pulse code modulation (PCM): Encoding the quantized

signals into a digital word.

Each quantized sample is digitally encoded into an bits codeword

where =log2L and L in the number of quantization level

The analog information can be recovered from the quantized samples,

but not precisely

the fidelity increases as the number of quantization level increases.

This causes bandwidth expansion for real-time application
Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr
Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Sampling and Quantization

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

Quantization Noise
Average quantization noise power
q2

12
2

Signal peak power

2 2
L
q
2
Vp
4

Peak SNR

L2q 2 4
2
3L2
q 12

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr

Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

PCM Sequence

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

2.8 Baseband Transmission

To transmit information through physical channels, PCM

sequences (code words) are transformed to pulses
(waveforms).

Each waveform carries a symbol from a set of size M.

Each transmit symbol represents k=log2M bits.

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Waveform Representation

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

PCM Waveforms

PCM waveforms category

1. Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)
3. Return-to-zero (RZ)

2. Phase encoded
4. Multilevel binary

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Baseband Transmission (contd)

PCM Waveforms (contd)

Criteria for selecting PCM waveforms

Spectral density and bandwidth efficiency

Bit synchronization capability

Error detection capability

Interference and noise immunity

Implementation cost and complexity

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Spectral Densities of various PCM Waveforms

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse Modulation

M-ary pulse modulations category

M-ary pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
M-ary pulse-position modulation (PPM)
M-ary pulse-duration modulation (PDM)

M-ary PAM is a multi-level signaling where each symbol takes one of

the M allowable amplitude levels, each representing k=log2M bits of
PCM words

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse-Modulation Waveforms

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Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.

M-ary Pulse Modulation (contd)

For a given data rate,

M-ary PAM requires less bandwidth

For a given pulse power,

Binary PCM is easier to detect

Signal Processing Lab., http://signal.korea.ac.kr

Dept. of Elec. and Info. Engr., Korea Univ.