-

Cyanophore Glycoside
110 3000
-

benzaldehyde-cyan
ohydrin (amygadali
n) (prunasin)

phenylpropanoid
C6-C3 -phen
ylalanine tyrosine shik
imic acid Pathway

Cyanophore Glycoside X

CH C

CH2 CH COOH

O-glucose

NH2
prunasin

Phenylalanine

CH2 CH

CH

COOH

HO
tyrosine

O-glucose

NH2
HO

dhurrin

(emulsin) 1st
(amygdalase) 2nd (pruna
se)

O-C6H10O4-O-C6H11O5

O-C6H11O5

OH

CH

CH +C6H12O6

CH + C6H12O6

CN
Amygdalin

amygdalase

CN

prunase

CN
mandelonitrile

mandelonitrile glucoside

H
HCN+

benzaldehyde ()

 (Sweet Almond Oil)

(Pru
nus amygdalus)
Prunus
amygdalus amy
gdalos

 (Sweet Almond Oil)

45~50%

(77%) (17%) (5
%) (1%)

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

B1 (pe
rsicoside) (naringenin) (catechi
n)

 (Wild Cherry)
(Prunus ser
otina)
Prunus serotina

prunasin a
mygdalin
prun
ase, p-coumaric acid, trimet
hyl gallic acid
0.23~0.32 %

 (Oil of Rose)
(Rosa
damascena)
Bulgarian Rose otto
1,300 250
500kg

Absolute Rose Oil

Otto Rose Oil
Rosa centifolia Absolute
Rose Oil ~
Rosa rugosa

 (Oil of Rose)

1 3000
25

l- (l-citro
nellol) (nerol)

HO

OH
l-citronellol

nerol

Isothiocyanate Glycoside

(sinigrin) (sin
albin) gluconapin
(mustard oil)

- acetate
-shikimic acid Pathway

16

Isothiocyanate Glycoside
*
CH2

*
COONa

2 CH3
Acetate

Sinigrin

*
CH2 CH COOH
NH2

*
CH CH2 C

S
N

glucose
OSO3K

H
CH2 CH COOH

CH2 C
N

NHOH

OH

Phenylalanine

*
C
CH2 N
myrosinase
glucose + KHSO4 +

lossen-type
rearrangement

*
CH2 C

glucotropaeolin

glucose

OSO3K

 Mustard

Brassica nigra (Linn) Koch B. ju

ncea (Linn) ( )
Black mustard sinapis nigra b
rown mustard
Brassica bresic juncea
nigra
mustard ( )

mustum ardens
( ) mustar
18
d ( )

30%
glycoside sinigrin myrosinase

myrosinase sinigrin

19

(Brassica alba)

Sinapis alba

20


myrosina
se
phydroxybenzyl isothiocyanat
e

20~25%

Sinalbin

21

 rapeseed oil
: B. campestris B. napus
B. juncea B. campestris

1970 50
erucuc acid

0.2~
2
22

 rapeseed oil
canola oil
canola oil

0.917 1.473

23

 (Opium
or Gum Opium)

(Papaver somniferum Linn)

(P. somniferum Linn var. album DeCand
olle) (Capsules)

24

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/wasicek_lind

30 Pantopon
Noscapine (Narcoti
ne) 1806 Serturner
(Morphine)
Morphine 4~21% 9.5

Codeine 0.8~2.5%
Noscapine 4~8%
Papaverine 0.5~2.5%
Thebaine 0.5~2.5%
others narceine, protopine, laudanine, codamine,

 (Meconic acid 3~5%)

morphine, codeine

Meconic acid
2 5m
l
FeCl3
HOOC
O
COOH

OH
O

Meconic acid

26

Biosynthesis of Morphine and Codeine

HO
HO

COOH
NH2
L-Dopa

HO

HO
NH2

HO

HO

CHO
COOH
HO

NH2

NH
H

HO
(S)-Norcoclaurine

HO

L-[2-14C]-Tyrosine

MeO
HO
HO

MeO
N+
Me

MeO
1,2-Dehydroreticulium ion

HO
HO

MeO
N
Me
H

MeO
(S)-Reticuline

HO

NH
H

HO
(S)-Coclaurine
27

Papaverine

1%

(Papverine HCl)

Papverine
(Ischemia)
H CO
N
(arrhythmia) H CO
3

Papaverine

OCH3
OCH3

Biosynthesis of Papaverine
* COOH
2
HO

NH2

HO
HO

*
NH2
CHO

Tyrosine 2-14C

OH
OH

HO
HO

H3CO

*
* NH

Norlaudnosoline

H3CO

*
* N

OH

OCH3

OH

OCH3

Papaverine

29

(Piper nigrum Linn.)

(pip
erine) (chavicine)
(-, or -Pinene) (Piperonal)
(-Phellandrene) (- , or -Elemene)
(-cis , or trans-Bergamote
ne) ( , or -Selinane) (Piper
anine)
30

 (Nelu
mbinis Semen)
Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn.

Loti Semen, Nelumbo Seed

31

(higenamine) (nuciferin
e) (nornciferine)
(Oxoushinsunine) N-
(N-norarmepavine)

32

nuciferine

higenamine

Oxoushinsunine

34

( )

( )

( )

35

36


Coptis Rhizoma

(Coptis chinesis Franc

h) (Coptis teeta Wallich
) (Coptis japonica Makino)
(Coptis quinquefolia Miquel)

37

38

 Hydrastis

Golden seal Root( ) Yellow

Root
(Hydra
stis canadensis Linne)
3~4

39


1.5~4%
(Hydrastine) (Berberine)2.5
% (Canadine)

40

41

 -Labat's Test Berberine HCI

Methylene Dioxy Group
Labat's Solution (Gallic Acid) 1
20
2~3 Labat's
Solution

O
O

O
N

Canadine

O
N+

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Berberine

CH3
O
O
OCH3

Hydrastine OCH3


(Podophylli Rhizoma)

:miay apple root wild mandrake mandrake

: Berberidaceae Podophyllum Peltatum

Linne` 30~5
0cm 5~7
5
: Podophyllum: Podos( ) +phyllon
(foot like leaf)
Peltatum:
:
43

 (Epimedii Herba)

(Berberidaceae) (Epi
medium spp.)
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim
E.segittatium(Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim
E.pubescens Maxim
E.wushanense T.S Ying
E.koreanum Nakai

46

-
-Flavonoids icariin
des-O-methylicarlin
Lignans icariresinol (-)-olivil
Alkaloids magnoflorine
Tannin Fatty acid
47

48


Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl

49

3
6%( 0.6 2% 4 6
%) 10 50%
( )
l-d-
l- (safrol) (carvacrol)
(cadinene) (bisabolene)
- (-camphorene) (az
50

51

Cinnamomum caphora (L.)

52

20~40 lb 1 lb

53


Pinene--

(
)
Bornyl esters Isoborneol

54

+41~+43

0.1~3 11

55

 Magn
oliae Cortex
Magnolia officinalis Rehder
et Wilson
( )
( )

56


Phenol (Magnolol)
(Tetrahydromagnolol)
(isomagnolol) (honokiol)
(Magnocurarine)
(-Eudesmol)

57

58

 (Polygoni
Multiflori Radix)
Polygonum multiflorum

59


anthraquinone chrysoph
anol emodin rhein
stilbene resveratrol
piceid

60

61

62

 (Hop
Strobiole)
(Hop)
(Humulus lupulus L.)

20

63

64

(humulone) (lupulone)

65

OH

HO

HO

OH

OH

lupulone

humulone

OH

HO

OH

phloroglucinol


Morus alba

Mulberry Bark
betulinic acid morusi
n

67


(Antiar
is toxicaria)

68

69


Areca catec
hu L.

betel nut

70

(Arecoline)

B1 B2 B7
A1 B1 A2

O
O
N
arecoline


(a
recoline)

 (Coconut oil)

(Coco
s nucifera Linn.)
30 100

80~85%
20
(50%) (20%)
(7~11)

73

 (Palm oil)
(Elaei
s guineensis )

Elaeis elation
guineensis

74

 (Carnauba Wax)
Copernicia
prunifera

(80%)
(myricyl cerotate) (10
%)

75


Crocus sativus

76

( )

0.45 (1 )
75,000 0.51

77

(crocin)-1 4
(picrocrocin)
(crocetin dimethyl ester) -
(-crocetin) (safranal)

78


(Orris)

[Iris germanica (blue flag); Iris flore

ntina (white flag) and Iris pallida (pale flag)]

79

80

http://sinofrance.org/site/art/peintures/irises.jpg

tectoridin A
B iristectorinA B
tectoruside (irone)
OH

O
OH

HO
O
OH
O

O
tectoridin OH

O
OH

irone

81

Iris tectorum Maxim.

82
http://www.zgycsc.com/viewpic.php?viewpic_path0=salebuy/2009/10_41&viewpic_path1=85626_1301%F0%B0%CE%B2.jpg

 (Diosc
orea)

Diosgenin [Mexican yams]

:Dioscorea composita, D. macrostuchya

(Diosgenin)

83

H
H3C
CH3

CH3

CH3
O

CH3

AcO

Ac2O

CH3

H
H

CH3

CH3

HO

Diosgenin

AcO

CH 3
C
CH3
CH 3

AcO

CH 3
CH3

CH 3

CH3

H
H

CH3
H

H2/Pd
OHAl[OC(CH 3)3]3

progesterone

CH3
H
AcO

HOAc

CH 3

AcO

Cr3O

O
O
O


Allium sativum

(+)-S-allyl-L-cystein sulfoxide

1.2%

(alliinase) (allici

86


(allicin)
diallyl disulfide

87

 (Colchicum)
:
(C
olchicum autumnale)
.

88

 Colchicine

89

90

Urginea maritima
: (Urginea mariti
me)

(white squill)
1500

91

 Scillaren A
(most NB), Scillaren
B
(Squill)

92

O
O

17

12

16

OH

Rhamnose

-Glucose

-Glucose

Scillaridin A
Proscillaridin A

Scillarin A

Glucoscillarin A

Convallaria majalis

94

(Convalla
toxin) (Convallamarin)
(Convalloside)

Convallatoxin
95

96

97


: (Ephedr
a)

These include E. major,

E. intermedia, E. sinica
and E. equisetina.
Common name: Ephed
ra, (Ma-huang)

98

Ephedra - Constituents

Alkaloids (protoalkaloids)
Mainly
Ephedrine
Pseudoephidrine
Also contains ephedradine
s hypotensive properties

99

(
)

-
-

100

Ephedra - CAUTIONS

101

 Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba Linn)

24% 6%
ginkgolides A B C
M (platelet activating factor,
PAF)
PAF

102


22~27% flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol,
and isorhamnetin) glycosides; 5~7% terpen
e lactones (2.8~3.4% ginkgolide A, B, and
C; 2.6~3.2 bilobalide)
Absolute bioavailability- ginkgolide A 98~
100%; ginkgolide B 79~93%; at least 70%
for bilobalide in Human (Egb 761)

103

40mg
(DB) (dementia)
(Intermittent claudia)

ginkgolic acid( )
(allergy) ginkgolic
acid <5ppm
ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine)


Bufo
bufo gargarizans Cantor B
ufo melanostictus Schneider

106

10
5%
3.4% 1.8%
1.6% (bufotalin) 1.5%
(telocinobufagin) 1.4%
(marinobufagin)
(bufotenine)
(bufotenidine) (dehydrobufoteni
ne) (bufothionine) 5-

107

108

 (Beeswax)
(Yellow wax) (Beeswax)
Apis mellifera Linne

109


( 72%)
(myricyl palmitate)
(myricyl cerotate) (myricyl
hypogaeate) 2- (ceryl 2-h
ydroxypalmitate) (fatty wax acids) 1
1% (cerotic acid)
(15%)

110

111

()

(
)

112

 (Chinese wax)

(Coccus)
(Coccus cerifera
Lantern-fly Lantern bug)

113

C26 C26 C
28 80~83

114

 (Carmine)

Cochineal extract

(Coccus cactic L.)

(Carminic acid) hydroxyanthraquinone linked to
a glucose unit

Carmine

0.27% 0.45% 0.5

8% 0.01%

Drgonsbones Fossilizid
Drgon's Bone

Gypsum

( )

 (Talcum)

Talc Talc powder