Socio Technical Systems

Socio-technical Systems
IanSommerville2004
SoftwareEngineering,7thedition.Chapter2
Slide1
Objectives
Pokok bahasan ini untuk menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud

dengan socio-teknikal dan perbedaan antara sistem berbasis
komputer biasa
Untuk memperkenalkan konsep dan sifat dari sistem yang
mendesak (emergent), dan konsep kehandalan
sertakeamanan dari sistem
Akan dijelaskan tentang mengapa konteks dari suatu
organisasi akan mempengaruhi desain dan kegunaan dari
sistem
Akan dijelaskan juga mengapa sistem akan dapat diwariskan
sehingga faktor ini sangat kritis untuk proses bisnis
IanSommerville2004
Slide2
Topik yang Dibahas
Sifat sistem yang mendesak (emergent)

Rekayasa sistem
Hubungan antara organisasi, manusia dan
sistem komputer
Legacy / Nilai / Value dari sistem
IanSommerville2004
Slide3
Apa yang dimaksud dengan sistem?
Sebuah perangkat yang terdiri dari beberapa komponen

yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai tujuan yang
sama.
Sebuah sistem terkadang termasuk software, mekanik,
elektrikal dan perangkat keras yang dioperasikan oleh
manusia.
Sebuah komponen sistem tergantung terhadap sistem
yang lain. Sehingga sebuah sistem dengan sistem yang
lain adalah kesatuan yang ter-ikat.
IanSommerville2004
Slide4
Kategori Sistem
Technical computer-based systems
Sistem ini mencakup perangkat lunak dan keras namun

operator hanya sebagai bagian dari operasional. Sistem
ini tidak tergantung dengan adanya manusia.
Socio-technical systems
Sistem ini mencakup sistem teknis baik perangkat lunak

dan keras. Akan tetapi pada proses operasionalnya
sangat bergantung ataupun dapat berinteraksi dengan
baik dengan manusia. Sistem ini diatur oleh kebijakan
organisasi atau aturan yang dibuat.
IanSommerville2004
Slide5
Socio-technical system characteristics
Emergent properties
Non-deterministic
Adalah sifat dari keseluruhan sistem yang bergantung pada

komponen dan hubungan antara satu sistem dengan sistem
yang lain ataupun dengan manusia.
Sistem ini tidak selalu menghasilkan output yang sama ketika
diberikan masukan yang sama, karena perilaku sistem
tergantung pada operator manusia.
Complex relationships with organisational objectives
Sejauh mana sistem mendukung tujuan dan kebergantungan

tujuan terhadap organisasi.
IanSommerville2004
Slide6
Emergent properties
Sifat dari sebuah sistem secara keseluruhan

didapatkan dari sifat komponen sistem yang lain,
karena pada sistem ini muncul sebagai
konsekuensi atau turunan dari hubungan antar
sistem.
Sistem ini memiliki kemampuan tersebut hanya
dapat dinilai dan diukur setelah terintegrasi
dengan sistem sebelumnya.
IanSommerville2004
Slide7
Contoh dari emergent properties
IanSommerville2004
Slide8
Tipe dari emergent property
Functional properties
Fungsi ini muncul ketika bagian-bagian dari sebuah sistem

sepeda untuk beberapa keperluan. Misalkan sebuah sepeda
muncul sebagai alat transportasi, sejak ditemukannya sepeda.
Non-functional emergent properties
Sebagai contoh adalah reliability, performa (kecepatan,

kehandalan dsb.). Hal ini muncul seiring berjalannya waktu dan
masalah tersebut terkadang muncul ketika sistem sedang
berjalan. Sama dengan sebuah sistem komputer, sehingga
perlu dipikirkan bagaimana untuk mengantisipasi masalah yang
muncul ketika sistem dibuat.
IanSommerville2004
Slide9
System reliability engineering
Komponen memiliki dependensi yang berbeda

Karena masing-masing memiliki dependensi
yang berbeda, sangat riskan untuk muncul
masalah atau kegagalan dari sistem.
Tidak mungkin untuk mengantisipasi semua
masalah yang akan muncul.
Terkadang, software akan memberikan hasil dari
keluaran sistem yang berbeda dari pengukuran
yang sebenarnya.
IanSommerville2004
Slide10
Pengaruh dari reliability
Hardware reliability
Software reliability
Apakah komponen memiliki kemungkinan gagal? Berapa lama

waktu yang diperlukan untuk memperbaiki komponen tersebut?
Seberapa besar kemungkinan bahwa komponen perangkat

lunak akan menghasilkan output yang salah? Keluaran yang
dihasilkan berbeda dari pengukuran yang dihasilkan oleh
perangkat keras.
Operator reliability
Seberapa besar kemungkinan operator dari sistem error?
IanSommerville2004
Slide11
Inter-disciplinary involvement
Software
engineering
Electronic
engineering
Mechanical
engineering
Structural
ATCsystems
Userinterface
engineering
engineering
design
Civil
engineering
Electrical
engineering
Architecture
IanSommerville2004
Slide12
System requirements definition
Three types of requirement defined at this stage
Abstract functional requirements. System functions

are defined in an abstract way;
System properties. Non-functional requirements for
the system in general are defined;
Undesirable characteristics. Unacceptable system
behaviour is specified.
Should also define overall organisational

objectives for the system.
IanSommerville2004
Slide13
System objectives
Should define why a system is being procured

for a particular environment.
Functional objectives
To provide a fire and intruder alarm system for the

building which will provide internal and external
warning of fire or unauthorized intrusion.
Organisational objectives
To ensure that the normal functioning of work carried

out in the building is not seriously disrupted by
events such as fire and unauthorized intrusion.
IanSommerville2004
Slide14
System requirements problems
Complex systems are usually developed to

address wicked problems
Problems that are not fully understood;

Changing as the system is being specified.
Must anticipate hardware/communications

developments over the lifetime of the system.
Hard to define non-functional requirements
(particularly) without knowing the
component structure of the system.
IanSommerville2004
Slide15
The system design process

Partition
requirements
Definesubsystem
interfaces
Identify
subsystems
Specifysubsystem
functionality
Assignrequirements
tosubsystems
IanSommerville2004
Slide16
The system design process
Partition requirements
Identify sub-systems
Identify a set of sub-systems which collectively can meet the

system requirements.
Assign requirements to sub-systems
Organise requirements into related groups.
Causes particular problems when COTS are integrated.
Specify sub-system functionality.

Define sub-system interfaces
Critical activity for parallel sub-system development.
IanSommerville2004
Slide17
System design problems
Requirements partitioning to hardware,

software and human components may involve a
lot of negotiation.
Difficult design problems are often assumed to
be readily solved using software.
Hardware platforms may be inappropriate for
software requirements so software must
compensate for this.
IanSommerville2004
Slide18
Requirements and design
Requirements engineering and system design

are inextricably linked.
Constraints posed by the systems environment
and other systems limit design choices so the
actual design to be used may be a requirement.
Initial design may be necessary to structure the
requirements.
As you do design, you learn more about the
requirements.
IanSommerville2004
Slide19
Spiral model of requirements/design
Requirements
Elicitation and
Analysis
Architectural
Design
Start
Problem
Defi nition
Review and
Assessment
System Requirements and Design
IanSommerville2004
Slide20
System modelling
An architectural model presents an abstract view

of the sub-systems making up a system
May include major information flows between
sub-systems
Usually presented as a block diagram
May identify different types of functional
component in the model
IanSommerville2004
Slide21
Burglar alarm system
Movement
sensors
Door
sensors
Alarm
controller
Siren
IanSommerville2004
Voice
synthesiser
Telephone
caller
External
controlcentre
Slide22
Sub-system description
Sub-system
Description
Movement sensors
Detects movement in the rooms monitored by the system
Door sensors
Detects door opening in the external doors of the building
Alarm controller
Controls the operation of the system
Siren
Emits an audible warning when an intruder is suspected
Voice synthesizer
Synthesizes a voice message giving the location of the suspected intruder
Telephone caller
Makes external calls to notify security, the police, etc.
IanSommerville2004
Slide23
ATC system architecture

Radar
system
Position
processor
Transponder
system
Datacomms.
system
Backup
position
Aircraft
comms.
Telephone
system
Comms .
Backupcomms.
processor
processor
processor
Aircraft
sim ulation
system
Flightplan
database
Weathermap
system
Accounting
system
Controller
info.system
Controller
consoles
Activitylogging
system
IanSommerville2004
Slide24
Sub-system development
Typically parallel projects developing the

hardware, software and communications.
May involve some COTS (Commercial Off-the-Shelf)
systems procurement.
Lack of communication across implementation
teams.
Bureaucratic and slow mechanism for
proposing system changes means that the development
schedule may be extended because of the need for
rework.
IanSommerville2004
Slide25
Human and organisational factors
Process changes
Job changes
Does the system require changes to the work

processes in the environment?
Does the system de-skill the users in an environment or
cause them to change the way they work?
Organisational changes
Does the system change the political power structure in

an organisation?
IanSommerville2004
Slide26
Organisational processes
The processes of systems engineering overlap and

interact with organisational procurement processes.
Operational processes are the processes involved in
using the system for its intended purpose. For new
systems, these have to be defined as part of the system
design.
Operational processes should be designed to be flexible
and should not force operations to be done in a particular
way. It is important that human operators can use their
initiative if problems arise.
IanSommerville2004
Slide27
Legacy systems
Socio-technical systems that have been developed using

old or obsolete technology.
Crucial to the operation of a business and it is often too
risky to discard these systems
Bank customer accounting system;

Aircraft maintenance system.
Legacy systems constrain new business processes and

consume a high proportion of company budgets.
IanSommerville2004
Slide28
Supportsoftware
Runson
System
hardware
IanSommerville2004
Uses
Runson
Embeds
knowledgeof
Application
software
Uses
Businesspolicies
andrules
Uses
Application
data
Constrains
Business
processes
Slide29
Legacy system components
Hardware - may be obsolete mainframe hardware.

Support software - may rely on support software from
suppliers who are no longer in business.
Application software - may be written in obsolete
programming languages.
Application data - often incomplete and inconsistent.
Business processes - may be constrained by software
structure and functionality.
Business policies and rules - may be implicit and
embedded in the system software.
IanSommerville2004
Slide30
Sociotechnicalsystem
Businessprocesses
Applicationsoftware
Supportsoftware
Hardware
IanSommerville2004
Slide31
Key points
Socio-technical systems include computer hardware,

software and people and are designed to meet some
business goal.
Emergent properties are properties that are characteristic
of the system as a whole and not its component parts.
The systems engineering process includes specification,
design, development, integration and testing. System
integration is particularly critical.
IanSommerville2004
Slide32
Key points
Human and organisational factors have a significant

effect on the operation of socio-technical systems.
There are complex interactions between the processes of
system procurement, development and operation.
A legacy system is an old system that continues to
provide essential services.
Legacy systems include business processes, application
software, support software and system hardware.
IanSommerville2004
Slide33

Socio Technical Systems

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Socio-technical Systems

Pokok bahasan ini untuk menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud

Topik yang Dibahas

Sifat sistem yang mendesak (emergent)

Apa yang dimaksud dengan sistem?

Sebuah perangkat yang terdiri dari beberapa komponen

Technical computer-based systems

Sistem ini mencakup perangkat lunak dan keras namun

Sistem ini mencakup sistem teknis baik perangkat lunak

Socio-technical system characteristics

Adalah sifat dari keseluruhan sistem yang bergantung pada

Complex relationships with organisational objectives

Sejauh mana sistem mendukung tujuan dan kebergantungan

Sifat dari sebuah sistem secara keseluruhan

Contoh dari emergent properties

Tipe dari emergent property

Fungsi ini muncul ketika bagian-bagian dari sebuah sistem

Non-functional emergent properties

Sebagai contoh adalah reliability, performa (kecepatan,

System reliability engineering

Komponen memiliki dependensi yang berbeda

Pengaruh dari reliability

Apakah komponen memiliki kemungkinan gagal? Berapa lama

Seberapa besar kemungkinan bahwa komponen perangkat

Seberapa besar kemungkinan operator dari sistem error?

System requirements definition

Three types of requirement defined at this stage

Abstract functional requirements. System functions

Should also define overall organisational

Should define why a system is being procured

To provide a fire and intruder alarm system for the

To ensure that the normal functioning of work carried

System requirements problems

Complex systems are usually developed to

Problems that are not fully understood;

Must anticipate hardware/communications

The system design process

The system design process

Identify a set of sub-systems which collectively can meet the

Assign requirements to sub-systems

Organise requirements into related groups.

Causes particular problems when COTS are integrated.

Specify sub-system functionality.

Critical activity for parallel sub-system development.

System design problems

Requirements partitioning to hardware,

Requirements and design

Requirements engineering and system design

Spiral model of requirements/design

System Requirements and Design

An architectural model presents an abstract view

Burglar alarm system

Detects movement in the rooms monitored by the system

Detects door opening in the external doors of the building

Controls the operation of the system

Emits an audible warning when an intruder is suspected

Synthesizes a voice message giving the location of the suspected intruder

Makes external calls to notify security, the police, etc.

ATC system architecture

Typically parallel projects developing the

Human and organisational factors

Does the system require changes to the work

Does the system change the political power structure in