III INFLAMMATION

AND REPAIR

INFLAMMATION
- response of vascularized living
tissue to injury.
- may be caused by microbial,
physical agents, chemical, necrotic
tissue or immune reactions.

DEFINITION of TERMS:
EDEMA
excess fluid in interstitial tissue or body cavities; can be exudate
or a transudate
EXUDATE
inflammatory, extravascular fluid with cellular debris and high
protein concentration
TRANSUDATE
excess, extravascular fluid with low protein content, ultrafiltrate
of blood plasma from elevated fluid pressure or diminished plasma
osmotic forces.
PUS
purulent inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophil and cell debris

CARDINAL SIGNS
1.

RUBOR

Erythema/ Redness; due to vascular dilation and congestion

(increased rate of blood flow)
2.TUMOR
Edema/Swelling; due to increased vascular permeability
(Extravasation of blood fluid)
3. CALOR
Warmth/HEAT; due to transfer of internal heat to the site of injury
brought by increased blood content
4.DOLOR
PAIN; due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor
5.FUCTIO LAESA
Loss of function; due to pain, edema, tissue injury and/ scar.

ACUTE Inflammation
early onset, short duration, involving fluid exudation
(EDEMA) and polymorphonuclear cell emigration
Three major components of Acute
Inflammation:
* Alteration of vascular caliber
* structural changes in the microvasculature
* Leukocyte emigration from blood vessels and
accumulation in the site of injury

CHRONIC Inflammation
- LATER onset, longer duration, involving Mononucelars
(lymphocytes macrophages, Plasma cells) , with blood vessel
proliferation and fibrosis.
CAUSES:
1. Persistent infection
2. Immune reactions
3. Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic
endogenous/exogenous substances
MORPHLOGIC Features:
Infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells
Tissue destruction
Healing by connective tissue replacement

Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation According to EXUDATE:

SEROUS inflammation
fluid transudates reflecting moderately increased vascular permeability.
(DIFFUSION)
PULMONARY TB
FIBRINOUS inflammation
more marked increase in vascular permeability with exudates containing
FIBRINOGEN
DIPTHERIA; RHEUMATIC PERICARDITIS
SUPPURATIVE or PURULENT Inflammation/ ABSCESS
characterized by purulent exudates (PUS) consisting of neutrophil, necrotic cells
and edema.
CATARRHAL Inflammation
Hypersecretion of mucosa
HEMORRHAGIC Inflammation
Blood and Exudate

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF
INFLAMMATION
- SIRS ( Systemic Inflammation Response Syndrome; Acute Phase
Response
- response to CYTOKINES produced either by bacterial products or
other inflammatory stimuli
Several clinical and pathologic changes:

FEVER

ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

LEUKOCYTOSIS

OTHER MANIFESTATION OF THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (increased

pulse/bp, decrease sweating, rigors (shivering)

SEPTIC SHOCK ( SEVERE bacterial infection)

ASSIGNMENT !!!
* CHANGES IN CELLULAR GROWTH
PATTERNS
* TISSUE RENEWAL,
REGENERATION AND REPAIR
* ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES
* GENETIC DISEASES
* HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS