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POOJA S NATHAN

S1 BT(2014
BATCH)

Energy
Non Renewable
Energy
Fossil
Nuclea
fuels
r fuels

Renewable
energy
Hydro power

Wind
Solar
energy
Ocean
energy
energy

WHAT IS RENEWABLE
ENERGY?
Renewable energy is energy generated from
natural resourcessuch as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides and geothermal heatwhich
are renewable (naturally replenished).
Renewable energy technologies range
from solar power, wind power,
hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and
biofuels for transportation.

Introduction
Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems
convert the kinetic energy in flowing water
into electric energy.
Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like
piece called a turbine.
The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric
generator which produces electricity.

Selection of site
The site for Hydraulic power plant is
selected considering the following factors
Water available.
Storage of water.
Head of water.
Distance from load center.
Accessibility of the site.
The land of site should be cheap and
rocky.

Components of hydel scheme


The principal components are:
1.Forebay
2.Intake structure
3.Penstocks
4.Surge tank
5.Turbines
6.Power house
7.Draft tube
8.Tail race

Dams
A Dam is a structure of masonry built at a
suitable location across a river.
The primary function of the dam is to provider the
head of water.
Dams are classified based on
Function
Shape
Construction materials
Design

Dams - Classification
Storage Dams
Diversion Dams
Functions
Arch Dam
Shape

Trapezoidal
Gravity

DAM

Stone masonry
Construction
material

RCC

Arch
Buttress
Earth
Rock fill

Design

Structural
Hydraulic

Overflow
Non-overflow

Forebay
Forebay acts as a regulating reservoir
temporarily
The forebay has the following parts
Entrance bay
Spillway
Flushing sluice
Screens
Valve chamber
Penstock inlet

Forebay
Enlarged body of water provided in
front of penstock.
Provided in case of run off river plants
and storage plants.
Main function to store water which is
rejected by plant.
Power house located closed to dam
penstock directly take water from
reservoir, reservoir act as forebay.

Intake structure
Water conveyed from forebay to
penstocks through intake structures.
Main components are trash rack and
gate.
Trash rack prevent entry of debris.

Trash rack
It is provided for preventing the debris from
getting into the intakes from dam or from the
forebay
Trash rack is made up of steel bars
The spacing of bars depends upon the following
factors
Type of turbine
Size of floating material
Velocity of flow through trash rack.

Waterway
A waterway is used to carry water from the dam to
powerhouse.
It includes canal, penstock and tunnel
Tunnel is the passage by cutting mountain to reduce
the length of waterway to reservoir and the power
house.
The tunnel is either circular or horse shoe shaped.
A canal is an open structure constructed on earth or
rock.
The canal should be located on the economically short
route.
.

Penstock is a pipe which carry the water from


reservoir to turbine house.
Penstock is made up of steel or reinforced concrete
or wood.
Penstock should be sloping towards the powerhouse.
Sharp bends should be avoided and require special
anchorages .
The intake of the penstock should be at a low level to
provide adequate water seal under all conditions

Surge tank
additionalstoragefor near to turbine,
usually provided in high head plants.
located near thebeginningof the
penstock.
As the load on the turbine decreases
or during load rejection by the
turbine the surge tank provides
space for holding water.

surge tank over comes the


abnormalpressure
in the conduit when load on the
turbine falls and acts as a reservoir
duringincreaseof load
on the turbine.

Turbines
turbines are used to convert the energy water
of falling water into mechanical energy.
water turbine is a rotaryenginethat takes
energy from moving water.
flowing water is directed on to the blades of a
turbine runner, creating a force on the
blades.

Since the runner is spinning, the


force acts through a distance n this
way, energy is transferred from the
water flow to the turbine.
The principal types of turbines are:
1)Impulse turbine
2)Reaction Turbine

Draft tube
A Draft tube connects
the runner exit to tail
race.
Draft tube provides a
negative head at the
runner outlet by
which it is possible to
attach a turbine
above the tail race.
The outlet velocity of
water is reduced and
a gain in pressure
head i.e. the net

Power house
Power house contains the electro
mechanical equipment i.e. hydro
power turbine, Generator, excitation
system, main inlet valves,
transformers, Switchyard, DC
systems, governor, bus duct, step up
transformers, step down transformers,
high voltages switch gears, control
metering for protection of systems.

Tail race
tail race tunnel or channel are provided
to direct the used water coming out of
draft tube back to the river.
important criteria of designing the tail
race is kind of draft tube, the gross head
and geographical situation of the area.
Tail race is designed in such a way that
water hammer is minimizes when water
leaves the draft tube.

Power generation
The amount of electricity that can be
generated by a hydropower plant depends on
two factors:
flow rate - the quantity of water flowing in
a given time; and
head - the height from which the water
falls.
The greater the flow and head, the more
electricity produced.

Flow Rate = the quantity of water


flowing

A standard equation for calculating energy


production:
Power = (Head) x (Flow) x (Efficiency)
11.8
Power = the electric power
in kilowatts or kW
Head = the distance the water falls (measured in
feet)
Flow = the amount of water flowing (measured in
cubic feet per second or cfs)
Efficiency = How well the turbine and generator
convert the power of falling water into electric
power. This can range from 60% (0.60) for older,
poorly maintained hydroplants to 90% (0.90) for
newer, well maintained plants.

Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower)is


considered a renewable energy source. A
renewable energy source is one that is not depleted
(used up) in the production of energy. Through
hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted
into electricity without using up the water.

Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the


sun, which drives the water cycle. In the water
cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous cycle.
Because of the force of gravity, water flows from
high points to low points. There is kinetic energy
embodied in the flow of water.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving


object has kinetic energy.

Humans first learned to


harness the kinetic energy in
water by using
waterwheels.
A waterwheel is a revolving
wheel fitted with blades,
buckets, or vanes.
Waterwheels convert the
kinetic energy of flowing
water to mechanical
energy.

Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a


machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any
object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.

Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the


kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works - Part 1

Flowing water is
directed at a turbine
(remember turbines are
just advanced
waterwheels). The
flowing water causes
the turbine to rotate,
converting the waters
kinetic energy into
mechanical energy.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works Part 2


The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted
into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the
generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of
copper wire. It is a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a
conductor causes an electric current.

Advantages
1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced
at a constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut,
stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved
for use another time when electricity demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can
contribute to the generation of electricity for many years /
decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for
water sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large
dams become tourist attractions in their own right.
5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.

Disadvantages
1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built
to a very high standard.
2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must
operate for many decades to become profitable.
3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the
natural environment is destroyed.
4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley
to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose
their farms and businesses. In some countries, people
are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can
go ahead.
5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological
damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in
the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has
depressed the earths surface at its location.

SIGNIFICANCE
Hydropower stands as the most significant
renewable energy source. It uses the single but
very powerful energy force of moving water. By
some comparison, it competes with the energy
produced by fossil fuels and nuclear power, but
is considered much cleaner and more simplistic.
Hydropower remains popular even in third-world
countries, which do not have the resources to
build expensive nuclear generating stations.
Hydropower does not pollute the atmosphere or
environment.

Facts
Hydropower uses the energy of moving water for a
variety of useful applications.
Hydroelectricity generates electricity by harnessing the
gravitational force of falling water.
In 2006, hydroelectricity supplied around 20% of the
worlds electricity.
Most hydroelectric power stations use water held in
dams to drive turbines and generators which turn
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The largest hydroelectric power station in the world is the
Three Gorges Dam in China.

Environmental Impacts
Hydroelectric power includes both massive
hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river
plants. Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue
to be built in many parts of the world (including
China and Brazil), but it is unlikely that new
facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in
the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the
United States will likely involve increased
capacity at current dams and new run-of-theriver projects. There are environmental impacts
at both types of plants.

The IHA (International Hydropower Association)


Working Group on Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) calls for impact assessment
to be an integral part of the multidisciplinary
planning approach, and to include a strong
element of public consultation. EIAs should
cover both positive and negative impacts both
upstream and downstream of a proposed
project.

Economic Impacts
Large dams have long been promoted as providing
"cheap" hydropower and water supply. Today,
we know better. The costs and poor
performance of large dams were in the past
largely concealed by the public agencies that
built and operated the projects. Dams
consistently cost more and take longer to build
than projected. In general, the larger a hydro
project is, the larger its construction cost overrun
in percentage terms.

SOCIAL ISSUES
Relocating people from the reservoir area is the
most challenging social aspect of hydropower,
leading to significant concerns regarding local
culture, religious beliefs, and effects associated
with inundating burial sites. While there can
never be a 100 percent satisfactory solution to
involuntary resettlement, enormous progress
has been made in the way the problem is
handled.

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